#Week-2

Precision Metrology
 Optical Limits

• Limit to the magnification and resolution • Diffraction Limit

• Limit to the information & details • Wavelength,N.A
• Limits to the tradiational optical systems • Lense manufacturing limits
 Image
Lenses + Light (Ray) + Interface Digital Signal /Imaging

We see things often either due to exposure of light ray’s on object reflected of, or due to the object’s
luminosity getting projected to our eyes forming an image interfaced on human retina (screen).

The light itself won’t be visible (Ex: Vacuum), until or unless it interact’s with space suspended particle or
air or any object, as a cause of either diffusion or scattering.

Optical System

Essential’s  Light + Medium(Interface) + Optical Element

Demonstarion :Pinhole Camera
• As one decreases the size of the aperture of a optical lense, diffraction proportionately increases

 The ray of light does’t travel in

straight line, it behaves like
Pin hole dia. decrease
wave (Huygen’s Principle)

 It travels as source of wavelets

Object (Plane wave & Spherical)

 There is a limit related to

diffraction of light (single wave
and many wavelets), in which
we get irresolvable small spot
of light called Point Spred
Function.
Changing the Image plane to magnify
Pin hole dia. Increases
Numerical Aperture (N.A) Diverging Spherical Waves

Microscope

Plane Waves

Tube lenses

Converging Spherical Waves

• For High NA larger plane waves and spherical wave further apart,
with short period and narrow fringe’s
• For Low NA less smaller plane and spherical wave are closer, with
long period and wide fringes
 Effect of Wavelets
Tube Lenses

3 Wavelets 5 Wavelets Multiple- Wavelets

Point Spread Function Vs Numerical Apperture
 Resolution
Abbe Resolutionx,y = λ/2NA Abbe Resolutionz = 2λ/NA2

Rayleigh Resolutionx,y = 0.61λ/NA

Sparrow Resolutionx,y = 0.47λ/NA

Low NA Medium NA High NA

Higher NA, smaller Rayleigh criteria leads to better resolution

 Need Of More Resolution
There is variables and methods in optical system for further enhancement’s as follows:

(1) Wavelength
(2) Higher immersion index (n)
(3) Use of Confocal microscopy
(4) Super Resolution (Optical Nanoscopy)
Thank you for Listening