CHAPTER 1

Introduction of Biology

Form 4
 The Study of Biology

 Biology – Greek words

Bios - life
Logos – study

 Biology is the study of life

Abiosis and biosis interaction
Attain equilibrium in natural environment
 The Importance of Biology
 Better understanding of how the
human body functions
 Finding cures of diseases
 Saving endangered species
 A better management of problems
related to the environment
 The Different Fields of Study in
Biology

 Anatomy – deal with structure and

organisation of organisms
 Botany – study of plants
 Zoology – study of animals
 Genetic - deals with heredity
 Biochemistry – study of elements,
compound and chemical reactions in living
thing
 …..2/2
The Different Fields of Study in
Biology
 Microbiology
 Embryology
 Entomology
 Cytology
 Biotechnology
 Virology
 Mycology
 Careers Related to Biology

 Biotechnologist – scientist who modified

the genes of living things to create or
improve product, produce insulin using
transformed bacteria and etc.
 Agriculturist – specialist of cultivation and
raising livestock
 Botanist – scientist studies all types of
plant etc.
Development in biology fields and
contribution of technology in biology
to humanity
-
 Safety and Rules in Biology Laboratory
 1) self protective equipments
 gloves, laboratory coats and shoes, eye
wash, surgical masks, hand wash, fume
chamber, lamina flow cabinet, biology
safety cabinet, emergency sprinkler station
and others.
The categories of substances that can be
disposed into the sink are:
substances that have pH values between
5 and 9.
liquids or solutions with low concentration
and harmless
Categories of substances that cannot
be disposed into the sink are :
 solid wastes (chemical substances,
glass,rubber).
 substances that have pH values less than
5 and more than 9.
 organic solvents.
 chemical substances (acids, grease, oil, oil
paint, hydrogen peroxide).
 toxic substances.
 heavy metals.
 organic wastes (microorganisms,
carcasses).
 radioactive wastes.
 volatile substances.
 reactive substances
Standard Operating Procedure to
manage the waste substances
 Careers Related to Biology

 Collecting information about the different

fields and careers related to biology.
 Try to find 12 or more fields and careers
and write in your exercise book.
Resources: printed materials (texts book) and
eletronic media
Discuss with your group members.
Communicating in Biology

 Principal of data recorded in Biology

 Titles in a table must consist of
manipulated variable and responding
variable with correct units.
 Example of a title in a table: Temperature/
°C or Temperature (ºC).
 Numerical values cannot be written as
fractions
 graph based on the data from an
experiment in biology
Note:
Responding variables are represented by the vertical axis (y-axis) and
manipulated variables are represented by the horizontal axis (x-axis).
 
Scales on the axes must be uniform.
 
Mark reading on the graph with suitable symbols such as the points with
suitable symbols such as ‘x’.
 

Title of a graph: “Graph of (responding variable) against (manipulated

variable)”.
Sketch biological drawings based on
observations
 Characteristics of biological drawings:
 large and accurate using a sharp pencil.
 not shaded artistically.
 lines drawn must be clear and not broken.
 with labels (straight label lines without
crossing).
 with titles.
Identify body planes, sections and
directional terms in organisms.
 Anatomical Directional Terms
 Anterior: In front of, front
Posterior: After, behind, following, toward the rear
Distal: Away from, farther from the origin
Proximal: Near, closer to the origin
Dorsal: Near the upper surface, toward the back
Ventral: Toward the bottom, toward the belly
Superior: Above, over
Inferior: Below, under
Lateral: Toward the side, away from the mid-line
Medial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side
Rostral: Toward the front
Caudal: Toward the back, toward the tail
Bilateral: Involving both sides of the body
Unilateral: Involving one side of the body
Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body
Parietal: Relating to a body cavity wall
Visceral: Relating to organs within body cavities
Axial: Around a central axis
Intermediate: Between two structures
 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

Scientific Skills

Science Process
Manipulative Skill
Skill
 EXPERIMENT REPORT

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
2. HYPOTHESIS
3. VARIABLES:
i. Manipulated variable
ii. Responding Variable
PLANNING SKILL
iii. Fixed Variable
4. MATERIALS
5. APPARATUS
6. TECHNIQUE
7. PROCEDURE
8. RESULTS
9. DISCUSSION
10. CONCLUSION