First Aid

Physical Education
 INDEX
✔ PWH Protocol
✔ Coronary heart disease
✔ CPR in accidents
✔ Basic CPR
✔ Defibrillators: DEA and DESA
✔ Pediatric CPR
✔ Choking
✔ Child choking
✔ Nasal bleeding
 PWH

Protect Warn Help

 PHW Protocal
✔Protect:
Signal an accident, get to safety, move the victim to a safe place, avoid more accidents.

✔Warn:
Call 112 (loudspeaker)

✔Help:
First aid
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Causes:

✔ Arterial hypertension

✔ Diabetes

✔ High cholesterol levels

✔ Smoking

✔ Obesity

✔ Sedentary life
 CPR IN ACCIDENT
Steps:
✔Do not move the victim unless he is at risk or his attention is essential

✔If you must move, let it be between 4-5 people to always keep your head, trunk and extremities
straight.

✔Airway: do not move their head. Pull the jaw up by grasping it between thumb and index finger.

✔Do not remove the helmet unless respiratory assistance is essential (between two people to keep
the head still)
 BASIC CPR
1st check consciousness
Do they answer back? Are they aware?

🡪 Use a loud voice

🡪 Shake shoulders
🡪 Strongly jostle or sway the body
🡪 Pain points (jaw, collarbone, palm, etc.)

⮚If the victim is conscious :

→ Do not move the victim, try to help, alert if necessary, accompany the victim.

⮚If victim is unconscious :

→ Open airway
 BASIC CPR
2nd open airway

- Front-chin maneuver
 BASIC CPR
3º check if he breathes

Maintaining forehead-chin maneuver to keep the airway open.

Bring the ear close to the victim's mouth to:

➔ Listen for the air to escape from the victim's mouth
➔ See if your chest rises or moves with your breath
➔ Feel on cheek/ear for air escaping
 BASIC CPR
⮚ 3º check if he breathes
If the victim is breathing normally (unconscious, but not in cardiac arrest):

Recovery position or safety lateral position.

⮚If the victim does not breathe or does not breathe normally (gasps) :
- Notify emergencies, follow directions
- Ask for a defibrillator
- Heart massage
 BASIC CPR
4th Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

30:2
⮚

➔ 30 Chest Compressions
➔ 2 vents

- In adults, chest compressions are more important: it is usually due to heart problems.
- In children ventilation is more important: it is usually due to obstruction of the airway.
 BASIC CPR
4th Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
30 Chest Compressions (Cardiac Massage)
Positioning to one side of the victim, kneeling.
With the heel of one hand in the center of the victim's chest, lower third of the sternum and on top of it, the other hand is supported and
the fingers are crossed. In understanding only the heels of the hand are supported.
Stretch your elbows and drop your body weight.
Rate: 100-120 compressions per minute:
Rhythm of cardiac massage: songs like Cucaracha or Stay alive.
 BASIC CPR
- 4th Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

2 vents

- It is not mandatory! Or essential in adults.

- If you have not taken a course previously, it is difficult to do correctly, so it is not
worth wasting time.
- Check that there is no visible foreign body in the mouth (eg remove false teeth).
- Mouth-to-mouth respiration:
 BASIC CPR
4th Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
2 vents
➔ Maintain forehead-chin maneuver and with the hand resting on the forehead,
pinch the nose to prevent air from escaping.
➔ Keep your chin up and your mouth open
➔ Take a breath normally and surround the lips of the patient's mouth to ensure a
perfect seal.
➔ Duration 1s like a normal breath, it is not necessary to empty all our air from
the lungs.
➔ During ventilation, look at the patient's chest to check that it inflates (effective
ventilation).
➔ After the first ventilation, you have to separate to let the air out of the patient's
chest and in the meantime, take in air again for the second ventilation.
 BASIC CPR SUMMARY

1st check consciousness

2nd open airway

3rd check if he breathes

4th Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

DESA OR DEA
 PEDIATRIC CPR
If we do not know how to help an infant or a child, do it as an adult rather than do
nothing. However, there are some differences:
➔ They are usually due to choking, except for previous congenital pathology (less
common). Therefore, ventilations will be given more importance than cardiac
massage.
➔ If the child is not conscious open airways: the head is not thrown back, but aligned
with the neck to leave it in a neutral position. Infants have almost no neck, so their
airway would be shortened.
 PEDIATRIC CPR
➔ If the child is not breathing, before starting CPR, give 5 rescue breaths.
➔ The ventilations will be mouth-mouth/nose.
 PEDIATRIC CPR
➔ The compressions will be with the thumbs in the infant and with the heel of one hand
in the child, so as not to damage organs.
➔ Frequency: 100-120 compressions per minute (same as the adult).
 CHOKING
UNOBSTRUCTION AIRWAY (OVACE)
Incomplete or mild obstruction

➔ The victim breathes, can answer or speak, coughs insistently.

➔ In order to continue coughing, it is necessary to take in air, so if someone
continues to cough, it is not completely obstructed.

First aid : encourage coughing, keep calm and reassure.

 CHOKING
UNOBSTRUCTION AIRWAY (OVACE)
Complete or severe obstruction
➔ The victim cannot speak although he is
conscious, he makes unsuccessful attempts to
cough because he cannot catch air, he cannot
breathe and he will turn bluish and after a few
minutes he may lose consciousness.
➔ When the cough is ineffective, before the victim
faints:
First aid :
 CHOKING
UNOBSTRUCTION AIRWAY (OVACE)
Complete or severe obstruction

First aid :
1. Stand behind the victim and slightly to one side
2. Lean him forward holding him with one arm at
waist level so that he does not fall forward
3. With the heel of your hand give him 5 sharp
blows on the back, interscapular (between the
two shoulders).
4. Check if the obstruction has been cleared after
each stroke.
 CHOKING
UNOBSTRUCTION AIRWAY (OVACE)
Complete or severe obstruction

First aid :
2nd: If it has not been resolved, start the Heimlich
maneuver or abdominal compressions. Stand behind the
victim and wrap your arms around her. Place one fist of
your hand in the pit of their stomach and the other hand on
top to help push back and up. This maneuver aims to exert
the function of coughing and increase chest pressure to
expel the foreign object. Repeat up to 5 times and alternate
with 5 pats on the back if you can't.
3rd: if it is not solved, before he falls, lay the victim face
up on the ground, notify the emergency room and start a
CPR maneuver .
 CHILD CHOKING
Very common in children. It is observed that when the child stops crying, coughing, or breathing
and they acquire a purplish color.

If the child coughs and breathes (incomplete obstruction) encourage him to cough, and DO
NOT hit his back.

If the child has a face of a complete obstruction:

➔ Blows in the back
➔ Abdominal thrusts (never with infants/children)
➔ Chest Compressions (Infant CPR)
 CHILD CHOKING
Complete obstruction:

→ Blows in the back

Infants: Hold them face down and with their head lower than their chest. One hand holds the
child's jaw with the thumb and middle finger and open their mouth with the tip of the index
finger so as not to obstruct the entrance.
 CHILD CHOKING
- Complete obstruction:

- Heart massage

- Before starting CPR, you will be given 5 rescue breaths.

- The ventilations will be mouth-mouth/nose.
- The compressions will be with the thumbs in the infant and with the heel of one
hand in the child, so as not to damage organs.
- Frequency: 100-120 compressions per minute (same as the adult).
 NASAL BLEEDING
●To stop the bleeding:

●Sit down and lean slightly forward.

●Cover your nostrils with your fingers.
●Breathe through the mouth.
First Aid
Physical Education