ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION &

MANAGEMENT

OPEN ELECTIVE – 18CV753

BY
P GIRISH
ASST. PROFESSOR
CIVIL ENGG., DSATM- BANGALORE
Overview of Course
• Credit = 03
• CIE = 40 Marks
• SSE = 60 Marks

• Study Materials -- Christopher Sheldon and Mark Yoxon, “Installing

Environmental management Systems – a step by step guide”
Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, 1999
Plans proposed for this course

• Case studies

• Site visits

• Mini projects

• Online Quiz
Module – 1 : Environmental Management
Standards
• Earth – It is a self-regulating system

• Gaia Hypothesis – James Lovelock, 2006

• the earth is a ‘super organism’ that, like many living

creatures, regulates its internal environment. This ‘whole
system of animate and inanimate parts’ takes care of itself all the time

• But over time, earth has lost its ability to rejuvenate itself due to
increased “fever”.
 The Concept of Greenhouse Effect
• The presence of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere is
constant. The greenhouse gases capture heat from the sun
and store it in the surface of our planet to keep it warm
enough for the inhabitants

• Since the industrial revolution, people started emitting large

amounts of greenhouse gases. The amount of fossil fuels
being burned has steadily increased.

• This a major amount of heat is entrapped in the atmosphere,

which melts the ice-caps.

• The excess temperature also causes affects in the earth’s

atmosphere
 Characteristics of Environmental
Problems
1. Cultural -
• Culture affects government, and then the
behavior of government reinforces
cultural perceptions of environmental
matters, such as the availability of energy.
• Government policy, as determined by
culture, affects retail prices, and prices, in
turn, affect resource
2. Population –
• Growth, acceleration (and) rapid change stress the system; pushed
beyond its natural limits, the system can’t remain intact
• This is generally termed as “OVERSHOOT”
• If people continue with excessive
consumption as a social norm, the
prospects for control of resource use
rates are dim
• Either people must limit their
consumption or earth will impose it
on them
• Data shows 600% increase in energy
use in the past decade for food,
water and industrial production
 3. Pollution
• The major drivers for pollution arise from changes in land use and land
cover. Clearing of land for harvesting new trees or agriculture is an example.
• Removing the soil and vegetation from these lands leaves the soil
vulnerable to a rise in erosion by forces like wind and water, which in turn
causes pollutants to be released into the atmosphere.
• Soil fertility is reduced and chemicals like phosphorus, nitrogen are released
into aquatic ecosystems which lead to negative impacts.
• Mining is another example of a severe case of pollution and impacts as toxic
metals are exposed to the soil in the process.
• Today’s agricultural practices inject heavy doses of nitrogen and
phosphorus, insecticides and herbicides which remain in the soil and are
contaminant
• Increased industrial activities is also another threat to the environment
 Environmental Management?
• Environment management thus involves managing the
environment while ensuring the prudent use of natural resources
without reducing their productivity and quality
• to understand the function and interaction of physical and
biological elements of the environment and develop
management programs to conserve natural resources

• The process of allocating natural and artificial resources to

make optimum use of the environment in satisfying basic
human needs at the minimum, and more, if possible, on a
sustainable basis (Jolly, 1978).

• A generic description of a process undertaken by systems-

oriented professionals with a natural science, social science,
or less commonly, an engineering, law, or design background,
tackling problems of the human altered environment on an
interdisciplinary basis from a quantitative and/or futuristic
viewpoint (Dorney, 1989)
Characteristics of Environmental
Management
• It ensures sustainable development

• It needs a multidisciplinary approach to reach its goals

• It is an amalgamation of science, social science, policy-making and planning

• Ensures reduction in pollution

• Enhanced resource conservation

• Reduced costs

• Enhanced public image

• Identification of threat and opportunities

 Need for Environmental Management
• There is population explosion and at an alarming rate too
• There will be overshoot of resources
• Increased industrialization and urbanization
• Climate changes
• Soil erosion, desertification
• General pollution
• Floods, famine, etc.
• Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs
• Development ensures that the maximum rate of resource consumption
and waste discharge for a selected development portfolio would be
sustained indefinitely, in a defined planning region, without
progressively impairing its bio-productivity and ecological integrity.
Objectives of this course
At the end of this course, students will be able to

• Identify environmental hazards and design corporate environmental solutions/

systems in accordance with International protocols

• Administer ISO protocol for environment analysis, legal obligations and training

• Develop, Implement and Maintain and Audit environmental management

systems for organizations

• Classify hazardous wastes for treatment, disposal and prevention of

contamination
Approaches to Environmental
Management
• Ad hoc Approach

• Problem solving Approach

• Systems Approach

• Regional Approach

• Specialist discipline Approach

• Voluntary Sector Approach

Current Environmental Concerns in India
• Rapid Population growth

• Increasing scarcity of drinking water

• Increased demand for forest-based goods

• Increased pollution from toxic waste and non-bio-degradable

• Poor mechanism to check discharge of waste from industrial hubs

• Lack awareness and increased carelessness from citizens

 Corporate Environmental Management
• Corporate entities are important vehicles of economic development

• Increase in economic developmental activities leads to environmental management issues

• Hence there is a need for sustainable economic development by corporate companies

• What is the barrier to such sustainable development?? --- “COST”

• Direct costs – Capital expenditure, deprecation, maintenance cost

• Indirect costs – Waste management, Compliance management
Why Environmental Management Systems
• Meet the regulatory and legislative system requirements

• Improve the control of the environmental impact

• Provide confidence to the customers that the products and services are
manufactured with the aim of reducing the negative impact on the environment

• Suitably accommodate changing market trends and gain competitive edge

• Reduce the costs associated with environmental liabilities and insurance

• Gain public and media support.

Examples of Environmental Hazards
Classification of Environmental Impact Reduction Factors

• One off Systems  Initial/ One-time investment or activity

• Continuous Systems  Repeated/ continuous actions/ activity

• Dynamic Systems  Combination of both “One-off System” & “Continuous

System”
Sustainable Consumption and Production
• Our planet is under massive strain. Should the global population push the figure of 9.6 billion by
2050, we will need three Earths to sustain current lifestyles for everyone.

• Each year, an estimated one-third of all food produced – equivalent to 1.3 billion tonnes worth
around USD 1 trillion – ends up rotting in the bins of consumers and retailers, or spoiling due to
poor transportation and harvesting practices.

• More than one billion people still do not have access to fresh water. Less than 3% of the world’s
water is fresh (drinkable), of which 2.5% is frozen in Antarctica, the Arctic and glaciers.

• Humanity must therefore rely on 0.5% for all man’s ecosystem’s and freshwater needs.

• Despite technological advances that have promoted energy efficiency gains, energy use in OECD
countries will increase a further 35% by 2020.
Some Factors of Business Model Work
• The company needs to generate profits

• They need manage risks in the production and supply

• They need to reduce cost

• Meet internal ambitions

• Satisfy customer demand

This creates a very competitive environment (the model being unstable)  Globalization
and Informatisation, Networking are causes of concern for sustainability in terms of
production and consumption
Drivers for Such Product Designs
• Internal 
• Increase production and product quality
• Reduce cost
• Need for innovation
• Responsibility from stakeholders
• External 
• Government policies
• Market demand
• Waste charges
• Environmental requirements
• Encouragements
Parameters for any product design
• Performance

• Appearance

• Manufacturing costs

• Durability

• Safety

• Service

• Ease of manufacture
Product Life Cycle
Extract raw
materials

Disposal Manufacture

Use and
Maintenanc Distribution
e
Strategies for Product Sustainability
• Product life extension through better reliability, increased durability, improved
serviceability and multi-functionality.

• Material life extension by making the materials and components reusable or recyclable.

• Reduced use of materials by making products lighter or smaller while performing the
same function.

• Switch from non-renewable to renewable resources either in materials or in energy

sources.

• Energy efficiency in use as well as in production.

• Pollution minimization by minimizing pollution arising from all stages of the life-cycle.
Tools for Product Sustainability
• Checklists

• LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)

• MET Matrix

• Eco-indicies
Some Examples of Product Sustainability
• Hewlett Packard created a worldwide Equipment Management and Remarketing Division to re-
manufacture used products including PCs, printers and scanners. As a result, the company has saved
millions of dollars in parts manufacturing, has improved its image as environmentally sensitive, and has
gained a greater competitive edge in the global marketplace.

• Countries such as Germany, England, Australia and Taiwan are preparing product take-back regulations.
Many companies have already introduced take-back programs.

• Xerox reuses up to 75% of components and recycles up to 98% of materials from take-back products.
Those components that meet criteria for new components are used again in the Xerox Eco-Series
Copiers. The take-back programs saved $50 million in its first year of operation.

• As of 1997, IBM has saved over $70 million through machine parts reuse and over $7 million through
use of recycled commodities.
Principles of Environmental Management
• Polluter Pays Principle
• User Pays Principle
• Precautionary Principle
• Principle of Responsibility
• Principle of Effectiveness and Efficiency
• Principle of Proportionality
• Principle of Participation
PPP – Polluter Pays Principle
• Firms producing hazard chemicals and pollutants affecting the environment must
pay. After many countries embarked on measuring damage,
through environmental impact assessment (EIA).
• It was noted that pollution must be linked to damage and pollution caused,
therefore prices must be according to damages caused the industry.
• Polluter Pays principles (PPP) as a general basis for the environmental policy. It
states that if measures are adopted to reduce pollution, the costs should be borne
by the polluters.
• According to the OECD Council, “The principle to be used for allocating costs of
pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce
environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and
investment is the so-called Polluter Pays Principle.”
• The essential concern of this principle is that polluters should bear the costs of
abatement without subsidy.
• Polluter pays principle, ensures absolute liability for any damage and harm caused
by the industry and firms. It makes the process and procedure for compensation
easy in an event where there victims affected.
 PPP (Cont.)
• Another important aspect of this among principles of environmental management is that the cost gets
shared and its easy to repair or reduce damages.

• Most countries have adopted this principle to ensure companies take up the responsibility and according to
damage, Promotes compensation, sustainable development, proper policy implementation through
practical implications and during process for allocation of economic activities.
• Its main goal environmentally has been to reduce damaging activities, through holding major entities take
up the liability.

• The Polluter Pays Principle, as interpreted by the Supreme Court of India, means that the absolute liability
for harm to the environment extends not only to compensate the victims of pollution but also the cost of
restoring the environmental degradation. Thus, it includes environmental costs as well as direct costs to
people or property. Remediation of the damaged environment is part of the process of sustainable
development and as such the polluter is liable to pay the cost to the individual sufferers as well as the costs
of reversing the damaged ecology.
User Pays Principle
• It is considered as a part of the PPP. The principle states that all resource users should pay for the full long-run
marginal cost of the use of a resource and related services, including any associated treatment costs. It is
applied when resources are being used and consumed.

• It gives a sense responsibility to users for them to pay for any long run cost and marginal environmental
damage or pollution

• For instance, consumption of water which comes from rivers, each household is required to pay certain fee
towards the service.

• Farmers are required to pay land fees, which part of the money goes towards cleaning and budgetary funding
for developing EIA systems

• It helps predict, protect and prescribe measure s to protect the environment from economic activities.
 Precautionary Principle (PP)
• The main objective of the precautionary principle is to ensure that a substance or activity posing a threat to the
environment is prevented from adversely affecting the environment, even if there is no conclusive scientific proof
of linking that substance or activity to environmental damage. The words ‘substance’ and ‘activity’ are the result of
human intervention.

• precautionary measures, especially for heavy activities that might cause more damage to the environment.
Precautionary principle has major objectives which include measuring primary and secondary activities which pose
a threat to the environment.

• Then industries are advised on ways and methods to implement remedies which will not affect the environment so
much throughout the daily activities.

• Precautionary activity measures the impact of any company and its activities, prescribing methods and measures
with less negative impact on its environment according to environment impact assessments carried out at the
time.

• Precautionary principle has been essential in protecting the environment, people, safe environment,
implementation of polices and reducing degradation and soil erosion.
Principles of responsibility (PR)

• This states each person and firm needs to be held accountable and take responsibility to maintain safe, clean
and sustainable development.

• Ecological sustainability should be attained by ensuring the use of resources which is properly managed and not
wasted, people must go about knowing that one of there duties is to protect the environment, same applies for
firms and corporations extracting and committing gasses polluting the environment

Principles of Participation (PR)

• It is the duty of all the persons to participate in collectively environmental decision making activities. Some
participation areas are related to the use of trees and other plants, minerals, soils, fish and wildlife for purposes
such as materials and food as well as for consumptive and non-consumptive recreation.

• The second issue concerns solid waste i.e. garbage, construction and demolition materials and chemically
hazardous waste etc. The third issue of participation is related to pollution generating activities.

• Through collective collaboration in the affairs of the environment its easy to foster a shift and wave reflecting
need to protect the environment.
Principle of Proportionality
• The principle of proportionality is based on the concept of balance. A balance is to maintain between the
economic development on the one hand and environmental protection on the other hand.

• It cannot be disputed that no development is possible without some adverse effects on ecology. Therefore, it
is essential to adjust the interest of the people as well as the necessity to maintain the environment.

• Moreover, comparative hardships have to be balanced and benefits to a larger section of the people have to
be maintained.

• But one important key point to take note of is that both must be managed and balanced.

• Development should not hinder and destroy the environment and environmental protection must happen
while allowing development.
Principle of Effectiveness and Efficiency
• It is essential that efficiency of resources use may also be accomplished using
policy instruments that create incentive to minimize wasteful use.

• It also applies to various issues of environmental governance by streaming

processes and procedures in order to minimize environmental costs.
Abatement of
Pollution
• Pollution abatement refers to technology applied, or measure taken to reduce pollution and/or its impacts on the environment.
The most used technologies are scrubbers, noise mufflers, filters, incinerators, waste—water treatment facilities and
composting of wastes.
Ways to Control Pollution
• Prevent pollution at source
• Encourage, develop and apply the best possible technical and technological solution
• Ensure polluter pays for the pollution
• focus protection on heavily polluted areas and rivers
• Involve the public in decision making.
• Restriction of mining activities on fragile environment
• Financial assistance for adaption of clean technologies by small scale industries
• Improvement/ stricter environmental standards to implement in industrial sector
• Use of pesticides in agricultural sector should be regulated
• Plants and vegetation play an important role in environmental protection, it is important to protect the forests and natural
vegetation
• Environmental audits on industrial sectors and areas prone to environmental degradation
• Public awareness and public action in environmental protection measures
National Policies for Abatement of pollution
• National Environment Policy, 2006
• National Water Policy, 2002
• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• The Water Cess Act, 1977
• The Air (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• Indian Forest Act, 1927
• The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
• The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
• The Bio-diversity Act, 2002
• Policy Statement for Abatement of pollution, 1992
• Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000
National Environment Policy 2006
• Human Beings are at the Centre of Sustainable Development Concerns: - Human beings are at the
center of the concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in
harmony with nature.
• The Right to Development: The right to development must be fulfilled, so as to equitably meet
developmental and environmental needs of the present and future generations.
• Environmental Protection is an Integral part of the Development Process: In order to achieve
sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development
process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.
• The Precautionary Approach: Where there are credible threats of serious or irreversible damage to key
environmental resources, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-
effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
• Economic Efficiency: In various public actions for environmental conservation, economic efficiency
would be sought to be realized. This Principle requires that the services of environmental resources be
given economic value, and such value to count equally with the economic values of other goods and
services, in the analysis of alternative courses of action.
 National Water Policy, 2002
• Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset. Planning, development and
management of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives.
• Water resources available to the country should be brought within the category of utilizable resources to the
maximum possible extent.
• Non-conventional methods for utilization of water such as through inter-basin transfers, artificial recharge of
ground water and desalination of sea water as well as traditional water conservation practices like rainwater
harvesting, including roof-top rainwater harvesting, need to be practiced to further increase the utilizable water
resources.
• Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfer from one river
basin to another, after taking into account the requirements of the areas/basins.
• Planning of water resources development projects should, as far as possible, be for multi-purpose with an
integrated and multi-disciplinary approach having regard to human and ecological aspects including those of
disadvantaged sections of the society.
• In the allocation of water, first priority should be given for drinking water, followed by irrigation, hydro-power,
ecology, agro-industries and non-agricultural industries, navigation and other uses, in that order.
• Adequate emphasis needs to be given to the physical and financial sustainability of existing water resources
facilities. There is need to ensure that the water charges for various uses should be fixed such as to cover at least the
operation and maintenance charges initially and a part of the capital costs subsequently.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• Water Act has been enacted with the aim of prevention and control of water pollution in India. Specifically, it
aims at maintaining or restoring the wholesomeness nature of water.

• This Act aims at establishment of Central and State Pollution Control Boards at central and at state level for
each state and further it gives power to the members so as to enable them to carry out the purpose of the Act.

• The fundamental objective of the Water Act is to provide clean drinking water to the citizens.

• The law prohibits disposal of pollutants in streams and wells

• Collection and compilation of water pollution statistics by the board recommended by the Government

• Penalties for misuse or non-conformance to said rules and laws

 The Air (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• The Air Act has the primary aim of providing provisions to abate and control air pollution in the country and
sets up Boards in the center and the state to carry out the necessary steps to achieve this aim. The Boards are
given the power to set up regulations to ensure that air pollution is controlled in the country.

• The following are the salient features of the Act

1. Advice the State Government on matters of air and air pollution.

2. In collaboration with the Central Board, plan and organize the training of personnel.

3. Carry out inspections in air pollution control areas at necessary intervals.

4. Advice the State Government about the feasibility of conducting industrial activity with respect to air
pollution.

5. Award of fines/ penalties for non-conformance of standards

Business Charter Principles for Sustainable Production and Consumption
• Sustainable development as a business priority
• To recognize the business contribution to sustainable development as a key priority and an enabler for long-term business success.

• To build the necessary awareness and understanding amongst its employees, shareholders, customers, and other stakeholders.

• To clarify and integrate sustainability into its strategies, leadership principles, operations, activities and investments according to each
business’ individually relevant context.

• To govern its business with integrity, develop best practices in any relevant area of work, and promote ethical conduct, including
fighting corruption.

• Inclusive economic growth and development

• To promote business practices that contribute to economic growth in the direction of sustainable development

• To encourage efficient and cost-effective policies and approaches that promote entrepreneurship and empower and enable the
establishment and start-up of businesses.

• To ultimately contribute to the concept of decoupling economic activity from adverse environmental impacts, including new
approaches to incorporate externalities in economic terms
• Environmental responsibility and management
• To recognize and assess environmental impacts associated with business activities.

• to implement an effective environmental management system to minimize actual and potential adverse environmental impacts.

• To maximize resource efficiency of all natural resources, particularly water, energy and soil.

• Responsibility towards people and societies

• To recognize the importance of people — both employees and external stakeholders — as critical to the success of any business.

• To foster skill development for the workforce.

• To respect and follow human rights guidelines.

• To understand and define societal impact of the business and to set priorities according to its specific circumstances

• Products and services

• To develop products that provide good value for the customer, are safe in their intended use, are compliant with applicable laws and
regulations, and minimize adverse environmental and/or societal impacts.

• To endeavor to maximize the economic, societal and environmental benefits of the products by considering the whole product life-cycle.

• To innovate with and through customers and suppliers to identify hidden opportunities — from research and development to sustainable
products— and avoid unintended consequences.
• Value-chain approach
• To promote and facilitate the awareness of these sustainable development principles across the value-chain, that is, the business’
suppliers, customers, agents, distributors, service providers, and other relevant partners.

• To collaborate with all actors in the value-chain for responsible behavior across the entire product or service life-cycle.

• To promote the mutual recognition of relevant corporate responsibility codes and supplier guidelines.

• Transparency, communications and reporting

• To set goals and select the appropriate metrics to track implementation of business objectives and assessed risks and opportunities.

• To report and communicate progress through the most relevant channel(s) relative to the size, scope, sector and geography of the
business and in accordance with its available resources as appropriate.
Environmental
Stewardship
• Refers to human responsible consumption, protection of the natural environment or corrective activities that
could be achieved through conservation efforts and sustainable practices. 
• The responsible use and management of natural resources in a way that takes a full and balanced account of the
interests of society, future generations, and other species while accepting significant answerability to society for
these actions.

• 3 types of environmental stewards:

• Doers go out and help the cause by acting. For example, the doers in an oil spill would be the volunteers that
go along the beach and help clean up the oil from the beaches.
• A donor is the person that financially helps the cause. They can do anything from donating their money, to
hosting public events to raise funds. They are typically governmental agencies.
• practitioners. They work on a day-to-day basis to steer governmental agencies, scientists, stakeholder
groups, or any other group toward a stewardship outcome.
 Steps to Promote Environmental Stewardship
• Reduce use of plastics
• Recycle all products and materials
• Purchase local products
• Ensure zero waste
• Composting of solid waste
• Energy efficiency in residential and transportation sector
• Provision of incentives
• Promote specific actions and solutions for environmental problems
• Efficiency in use of resources
• Restoration of environmental degradation
• Education/ Awareness creation to all the stakeholders
ISO 14000 – EMS
• The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was formed in 1947 and has since become the
premier international standards organization. Since its inception, ISO’s mission has been to promote worldwide
standardization in order to facilitate international commerce.

• ISO Process
• ISO considers the following three key principles in developing international standards:

(i) Consensus: The views of all interested parties are considered, including manufacturers, vendors, consumer
groups, testing laboratories, governments, engineering professionals and research organizations.

(ii) industry-wide applicability: The goal is to draft standards that satisfy industries and customers worldwide
(ISO has no authority to impose its standards on any government or organization)

(iii) Voluntary nature: All the international standards developed are voluntary. Thus, their acceptance by
industry is market-driven and based on voluntary involvement of all interests in the marketplace.
What does ISO do?
(i) Understand all activities and processes being undertaken by the organization.

(ii) Identify potential aspects associated with the activities of the unit at all stages and determine their impact on the environment.

(iii) Determine processes/procedures/operation steps that can be controlled to eliminate or minimize the likelihood of an occurrence
of the adverse impact.

(iv) Identify the regulatory requirements relating to them and establish target level and tolerances, which must be met to ensure that
operations affecting the environment are under control.

(v) Establish a monitoring mechanism to ensure control of these aspects.

(vi) Establish corrective actions to be taken when monitoring indicates that a particular aspect is not under control.

(vii) Establish a system of emergency preparation and for meeting such exigencies.

(viii) Establish procedures for verification to confirm that the environmental management system is working effectively in
compliance with regulations and recording continuous improvement.

(ix) Establish documentation concerning all procedures and records appropriate to these principles and their application.
ISO 14000 Series
 Benefits of ISO 14000 Series
• Cost Savings
• Enhanced Customer Satisfaction
• Access to new markets
• Increased Profits
• Better usage of resources
• Improved Safety of products
• Improved environmental protection and management
• Documentation of process and activities – leading to better management practices
• Reduced pollution from industries
• Commitment towards environmental laws, legislations and liabilities
• Increased social benefits
EPE – Environmental Performance Evaluation – ISO 14030
• The environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is an important ongoing internal management process. It uses
environmental indicators to compare an organization's past and present environmental performance with its
environmental objectives, targets or other intended levels of environmental performance.
• This process helps management to measure, analyze, assess, report and communicate an organization's
environmental performance over time and to determine necessary actions.
• Planning a EPE involves considering management priorities and selecting environmental indicators before
evaluating environmental performance and reviewing and improving EPE . The EPE process involves actions
taken to improve the systems, operations, processes and environmental performance.

• Objectives and Benefits of EPE

• Better understanding of an organizations impact on the environment,
• Providing a basis for benchmarking management, operational and environmental performance,
• Identifying opportunities for improving efficiency of energy and resource usage,
• Determining whether environmental objectives and targets are being met,
• Demonstrating compliance with regulations,
• Determining proper allocation of resources,
• Increasing the awareness of employees,
EPE indicators
• The people, practices and producers at all levels of the organization

• The design, operation and maintenance of, supply to, and delivery
from, an organization's facilities and equipment

• The materials, energy, products, services, waste and emissions related

to the organization's operations and activities.
 Environmental Quality Standards

• An environmental quality standard is a limit for environmental disturbances from ambient

concentration of pollutants and wastes, that determines the maximum allowable degradation
of environmental media.

• Air Standards
• Water Standards  Drinking water, sewage water, effluents, stream
• Noise Standards
• Land
• Ozone Layer

• Types of Standards
• Ambient
• Emission
• Technology
Ambient and Emission
Standards
• A ambient standard is the safe standard for any given environment
• The standards set as ambient should never be exceeded
• Eg: If the DO of water is 3ppm, then it is to be ensured that the DO never falls below this level by ensuring
emission standards from industries

• In Case of emission standards – this is the standards that is set for industries should discharge effluents into
various bodies of environment
• The emission standard shall be made considering all the industries and units in the surrounding
• The emission standard should be made considering the ambient standard s
Objectives of Environmental Quality
• Reduced climate impact
• Clean air
• Natural Acidification only
• Nontoxic environment
• Protective ozone layer
• Safe radiation environment
• Zero Eutrophication
• Flourishing lakes and streams
• Good Quality ground water
• Sustainable forests
• A Varied agricultural landscape
• Good built environment
Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER)
• Difference between CSR and CER (Section 13 Companies Act 2013)

• CERES (Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics) & OECD

(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) by UN
Objectives
• Protection of the Biosphere
• Sustainable use of natural resources
• Reduction and disposal of wastes
• Energy Conservation
• Risk reduction, Safe products and services
• Environmental restoration
• Informing the public
• Management Commitment and Audits
Laws and Legislations for CER
• STOCKHOLM DECLARATION: Principle 6 of Stockholm Declaration debars the discharge of toxic substances or of the other
substances and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of the environment to render them harmless,
must be halted in order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon the ecosystems.

• IN INDIA THERE ARE VARIOUS LAWS AND LEGISLATIONS FOR CER

• Vineet Kumar Mathur v. Union of India the Court was sought to prevent pollution of River Gomti in U.P. due to discharge of effluents from
the distillery of Mohan Meakins Ltd.

• Indian Council for Enviro Legal Action v. Union of India the Court directed closure of industries in Bichhari village in Udaipur (Rajasthan)
discharging highly toxic effluents leading to soil and water pollution and also directed for removal of the sludge

• M.C. Mehta v. Union of India the Supreme Court again pulled the 93000 industries which were operating in Delhi, These industries were
having industrial activities in residential/ Non Conforming.

• Rajiv Ranjan Singh v. State of Bihar the Patna High Court expressed the opinion “that the failure to protect the inhabitants of the locality
from the poisonous and highly injurious effects of the distillery’s effluents and obnoxious fumes amounted to an infringement of the
inhabitants
What should be objectives of CER in Companies perspective?
i. Reduce consumption of energy, water and other natural resources, and emissions of hazardous substances;

ii. Use or produce recycled and recyclable materials, increase the durability of products and minimize packaging through effective
designs;

iii. Companies should undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility;

iv. The corporations must encourage development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

v. The authorities should be constituted to examine whether the precautionary principle and polluter pays principles is observed or not.

vi. There should be environmental audit in the company, and it should be examined by the environmental experts.

vii. If the industry is hazardous in that case areas should be selected where population is scarce and there is little hazard or risk to the
community, every care must be taken to see that large human habitation does not grow around them.

viii.There should be strict laws in relation to licensing to Transnational corporations, prescribing norms and standards for running
industries on Indian soil ensuring the constitutional rights of our people relating to life, liberty as well as safety to environment end
ecology to enable the people to lead a healthy and clean life.

ix. Corporations and their decision makers must be held accountable both for environmental and social harms.
Barriers in implementing CER or EMS
• Cost is one important barrier

• Customer lack on interest on the environmental impact of the product

• Lack of technical support

• Lack of acknowledgement or recognition

• Understanding the various schemes and necessary training to be provided to the existing employees

• Lack of skill and competencies from the workforce

• Availability of resources in the current scenario

• Lack of Management intention towards CER

Motivating/ Driving Factor to implement EMS or
CER
• Reduction of environmental impacts

• Saving from energy and resources consumption

• Image improvement

• Legal compliance

• Customer satisfaction on environmental impact

• Better organization and management practices

• Opening to international markets

EPE – Environment Performance
Evaluation
• EPE is quite simply an internal management process that provides information to enable management decisions
relating to the organization’s environmental performance.
• EPE was one of the original five main areas for an ISO 14000 series which had been set up by ISO Geneva in
response to the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 (ISO 14031 Series)
• A more detailed understanding of your actual impacts on the environment.

• Data to benchmark environmental performance.

• Highlight areas for improvement.

• Understanding whether objectives and targets are being met.

• That legislation relating to significant aspects is being addressed.

• Adequate EMS resource allocation.

• Data to allow reporting with confidence and internal and external communications
Guidelines of EPE
• Gives guidance on the design and use of EPE within the organization

• Does not establish Environmental Performance Levels

• Can be used to support own EPE

• Commitments to legal and other requirements

• Prevention of pollution
Functions of EPE
• Identify environmental aspects and related impacts

• Set criteria and track progress

• Assess the effectiveness and potential of the EPE

• Produce information for stakeholders

• Identify inter-relationships between activities/ processes

• Focus on the root causes of environmental problems

 EPE indicators
1. Management performance indicators (MPIs);
2. Operational performance indicators (OPIs);
3. Environmental condition indicators (ECIs).
 Module -3 : EMAS – Eco-Management & Audit Scheme
• Developed in 1993 – Enable organizations to Assess, Management & Continuously
improve environmental performance

• A qualified third party checks the system and statement to see if EMAS requirements are
met. If so, the system and statement are validated, and the site can be registered

• EMAS became operative in April 1995. It was restricted to industrial sites only until
March 2001, when it became open to all private and public organizations of all sectors
Steps to Register/ Implement EMAS (As Per Article 4)
1. Environmental review: initial comprehensive analysis of the organization's activities, products and services and
their environmental impact; cataloging applicable environmental law, etc.
2. Environmental policy: definition of the organization's overarching environmental objectives; commitment to
continuous improvement of environmental performance.
3. Environmental program: description of measures, responsibilities and means to achieve environmental objectives
and targets.
4. Environmental management system: part of an organization's management entailing structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing
and maintaining the environmental policy and managing the environmental aspects.
5. Environmental audit: systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of the organisation's
environmental performance, management system and processes designed to protect the environment, conducted
by internal auditor(s).
6. Environmental statement: comprehensive, regular reports to the public on the organisation's structure and
activities; environmental policy and management system; environmental aspects and impacts; environmental
programme, objectives and targets; environmental performance and compliance with applicable environmental law
etc.
7. Verification and Registration: The steps above must be verified by an accredited/licensed environmental verifier;
the validated environmental statement needs to be sent to the EMAS Competent Body (exists in each EU country)
for registration and made publicly available before an organisation can use the EMAS logo.
Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
• Energy Efficiency

• Material Efficiency

• Water

• Waste

• Biodiversity

• Emissions
ISO 14001

Model of ISO 14000 Series

Model of ISO 14001 – EMS
Other series ->
-> ISO 18001 – OHSA
-> ISO 9001 – Quality Management
Comparison between EMAS and ISO 14001

Disadvantage of EMAS & ISO 14001

 Fee, Tax Exemption

 Anyone can get an ISO Certificate
Combining EMAS and EMS
Environmental Aspects and Impacts
• Environmental Aspect: Element of an organization's activities, products, or services that
can interact with the environment.
• Environmental Impact: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial,
wholly or partially resulting from an organization's activities, products or services

• Tool 1 : Measuring the Importance of Environmental Problems  Direct and Indirect Aspects
• Tool 2: Sample Procedure: Instruction for Environmental Aspects Identification Form  Input/ Output Analysis
(Ecomaps)

Key Points
 When identifying aspects and impacts, one should look beyond activities covered
by laws and regulations
 Both services and products need to be looked at
 The identification of environmental aspects and impacts can be seen as one of the
most critical steps in the EMS implementation process
Initial Environmental Review
How to create a Policy for EMS and Plan Objectives and Targets
How to set targets and objectives for your EMS/EMAS
• Step 1 : Decide who should be working on the EMS team and what could be their potential
contribution

• Step 2 : List the information gathered in the IER

• Step 3 : List any additional information required for EMS

• Step 4: Make a list of Significant impacts identified during IER

• Step 5 : Identify process and activities which is causing the issues

• Step 6 : Check and list all the legal obligations

• Step 7 : Get inputs from all stakeholders

• Step 8 : Brainstorm steps 4-7 and arrive at meaningful objectives and targets
 Benefits of Environmental Policy
• Ensures legal obligations are maintained
• Keeping employees informed about their environmental roles and
responsibilities
• Improving cost control
• Reducing incidents that result in liability
• Conserving raw materials and energy
• Improving your monitoring of environmental impacts
• Improving the efficiency of your processes
Responsibilities in EMS
 Structure and responsibility in EMS – How to Identify Responsibilities

• What is the scope of the environmental management programme?

• What are significant environmental aspects and compliance needs?

• What are the results of previous audits or other assessments?

• What are the current responsibilities for environmental management?

• What are objectives and targets, including those related to compliance and pollution prevention?

• What quality management and/or other management systems exist?

Legal Requirements
• It complies with all environmental laws and regulations relevant to the organization.

• Non-compliance with legislation is accepted by the competent authority, for example by way of a special approval, a
remediation order with a transitional period, or with some form of documented or written approval

Ways of Ensuring Legal Compliance

• Develop and communicate an environmental policy that includes a commitment to compliance.

• Develop and implement a procedure to identify, analyse and have access to environmental laws and regulations.

• Set objectives and targets in line with its environmental policy, which includes a commitment to compliance.

• Establish management programmes to achieve its objectives,

• Train employees and communicate relevant EMS requirements to them.

• Establish and implement operational control procedures.

• Establish and implement a procedure for periodically evaluating compliance.

• Establish and implement a procedure to carry out corrective and preventive actions
Training and Awareness for Employees
Training of all employees is very important because every employee:
• Can have potential impacts on the environment through his or her daily activities.
• Can be a useful resource for generating ideas about establishing operational control for a process, defining
environmental aspects or defining structural responsibilities

Training must take place when:

• New employees are hired.
• A change in job descriptions takes place.
• The corrective action process notes failure to follow instructions.
• New procedures are introduced, or already existing procedures are altered.
• EMS aspects/objectives/targets have changed.
• New regulations are introduced.
• Job performance is unacceptable
 Communication – Internal & External
• Internal communication will:
• Motivate the workforce.
• Gain acceptance for management’s plans
and efforts.
• Explain the environmental policy and the
EMS and how they relate to the overall
organisational vision.
• Ensure understanding of roles and
expectations.
• Demonstrate management commitment.
• Monitor and evaluate performance.
• Identify potential system improvements
Effective external communication will:
• Demonstrate management’s commitment
to the environment.
• Make others aware of the organisation’s
environmental policy and commitment to
environmental responsibility.
• Address concerns about the organisation’s
environmental activities by external parties.
• Announce the organisation’s strategic
environmental management approach.
• Establish a line of communication that
clearly defines emergency responsibilities
EMS Documentation
• The environmental policy.

• The organizational structure and key responsibilities.

• A description or summary of how an organization satisfies EMS

requirements (e.g. “How do we identify environmental aspects?”
and “How do we control documents?” and “How do we comply with
legal requirements?”).

• System-level procedures (e.g. procedures for corrective actions).

• Activity or process-specific procedures/work instructions.

• Other EMS-related documents (such as emergency response

plans, training plans, etc.)
 Continuous Improvements in EMS
• Opportunities for improving the EMS need to be identified, this will lead to an improved
environmental performance.

• The cause or causes of non-conformances or deficiencies need to be determined in order to solve the
problem.

• Plans for corrective and preventive action need to be developed and implemented to address the
causes previously identified.

• Once implemented, the effectiveness of the corrective and preventive actions needs to be verified.

• Any changes in procedures from the process improvement need to be documented.

• The measures taken should be compared to the objectives and targets set in the environmental policy
Benefits of EMS or EMAS
• Improved environmental performance.
• Enhanced compliance.
• Prevention of pollution.
• Resource conservation.
• New customers/markets.
• Increased efficiency/reduced costs.
• Enhanced employee morale.
• Enhanced image with the public, regulators, lenders,
investors; i.e. stakeholders.
• Employee awareness of environmental issues and responsibilities.
• Reduced liabilities.
• Competitive advantages.
• Fewer accidents
Auditing
Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
 Waste Minimization
• Waste minimization refers to the use of source reduction and/or environmentally sound
recycling methods prior to energy recovery, treatment, or disposal of wastes.
• Waste minimization does not include waste treatment, that is, any process designed to
change the physical, chemical, or biological composition of waste streams. For example,
compacting, neutralizing, diluting, and incineration are not typically considered waste
minimization practices.

• Waste minimization refers to strategies that are aiming to prevent waste through upstream
interventions. On the production side, these strategies are focusing on optimizing resource
and energy use and lowering toxicity levels during manufacture.
• Strategies that are considered to minimize waste and thus improve resource efficiency in or
even before the manufacturing process are, for example, product design, cleaner production,
reuse of scrap material, improved quality control, waste exchanges, etc
Stream Classification
Class Designated Use of the Stream
A Drinking water – Without Conventional treatment after disinfection
B Outdoor bathing
C Drinking water – With Conventional treatment after disinfection
D Propagation of wild-life and fisheries
E Irrigation & Industrial – Controlled disposal of sewage
Textile Industry
• The main ingredient for textile?
• Fibers
• Classification on use?
• Apparel
• Home
• Industrial
Types of Textile Waste
Pre- Consumer Waste –> left over waste after the process of manufacture such as
trims/ scraps/ etc. They are generally green waste and are sold for various other
purposes in the retail industry. Some material is also sent to NGO

Post Consumer Waste –> Generally produced after the consumer market, after the
material is torn-out, old, etc.

Industrial Textile Waste -> Generally waste such as curtains, carpets, etc. Most of
this waste goes in landfill
Sources of Textile Waste
• Household/ Retails consumers
• Textile Industry -> Damaged fibers, hazards solvents, dyes, printing
materials, etc.
• In Bangalore of the total Solid Waste Generated – 36% is fabric waste/
fiber waste
Methods to reduce the Waste Generated from
Textile Industry
• Reduce Waste?? How??

• Recycle??

• Recover the textile waste

• Better Waste treatment/ Effluent treatment methods

 Applications of EMS – Sugar Cane Industry
• Source of Pollution in the Sugar Industry

• Over consumption of water

• Use of chemicals on the irrigation process
• Bagasse burning
• Production of H2S leading to odour
• Effluents discharge

• Some Remedies for Pollution control

• Zero discharge of effluents
• Reuse of waste products
Paper Mills
• The paper industry is highly energy and water Intensive

• The wastewaters generated from production processes of this industry include high
concentration of chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium
sulfide

• Solid wastes including sludge generating from wastewater treatment plants and air
emissions are other problems and effective disposal and treatment approaches are
essential. The significant solid wastes such as lime mud, lime slaker grits, green
liquor dregs, boiler and furnace ash, scrubber sludges, wood processing residuals
Waste minimization
• Modern waste minimization approach is by two means. This first way is chemical
recovery and recycling. This system especially in chemical pulping process
significantly reduces pollutants and additionally economical return is another
important aspect.
• Chemical recovery is necessary because of the basic economic viability of the
kraft process
• Hazardous waste generation can be reduced by waste management
methods including:
• Production, planning and sequencing
• Process adjustment and/or modification
• Raw material replacement
• Housekeeping
• Waste segregation and separation
• Recycling
Dairy Industry
• Milk, Curds, Yogurt, Butter, Cheese, Milk-Powder, Ice-cream, etc.

• Production Stages are – Pasteurization, Sterilization, Separation,

Filtration and Homogenization, etc

• There are many by-products – Whey, butter, milk, fats, etc

• The waste generate are – Wastewater

Sources of Pollution
• Processing Water  heating and cooling processes

• Sanitary Waste -> Regular sewage generated due to labours

• Cleaning Water -> the water used for cleaning process in the dairy
industry
Characteristics of Wastewater in Diary
Industry
• Bio-degradable

• High BOD

• High COD

• Colour – Dark – Greyish

• High pH

• Dissolved salts