Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TECHNIQUIS
INSPECTION
GENERAL
TERMINOLOGI
-Visual examination and Manual Checks
AIM
- To determine the condition of an aircraft or component.
SCOPE
- Range from a casual walk around to a detailed inspection
- Involving complete disassembly and the use of complex
inspection aids
System consist of several processes, including:
1.Reports made by mechanics or by the pilot or crew flying an
aircraft.
2.Regularly scheduled inspection of an aircraft.
GENERAL
Inspection are visual examination and manual checks to determine the condition of an
aircraft or component.
Pemeriksaan adalah pengujian/pelaksanaan visual dan cek manual untuk menentukan
kondisi dari suatu pesawat terbang atau komponen.
An aircraft inspection can range from a casual walk around to a detailed inspection
involving complete disassembly and the use of complex inspection aids
Suatu pemeriksaan pesawat terbang dapat terbentang dari walk around hingga
pemeriksaan terperinci yang menyertakan lengkap disassembly dan penggunaan bantua
pemeriksaan yang kompleks
HOW
- Thorough Inspection (Pemeriksaan secara Seksama)
- Repeated Inspections (Pemeriksaan berulang – ulang)
must be considered the backbone of a good maintenance program.
Irregular and haphazard inspection will invariably result in gradual and certain
deterioration of an aircraft.
Pemeriksaan yang tidak beraturan dan sembrono akan menghasilkan alternatip
penurunan tertentu dan berangsur-angsur dari suatu pesawat terbang.
The time which must eventually be spent in
repairing an aircraft thus abused often totals far
more than any time saved in hurrying through
routine inspections and maintenance.
The time which must eventually be spent in
repairing an aircraft thus abused often totals far
more than any time saved in hurrying through
routine inspections and maintenance.
Kesempatan waktu yang terbuang didalam
memperbaiki suatu pesawat terbang akibat
disalah-gunakan sering totalnya jauh lebih besar
dari waktu yang dapat diselamatkan di dalam
mempercepat melalui penyelesaian pemeliharaan
dan pemeriksaan yang rutin
ASSURE AIRWHORTINESS (Proven)
- Regularly scheduled inspections and
- Preventive maintenance
The importance of inspections and the proper use of records concerning these
inspections cannot be overemphasized.
It has been proven that regularly scheduled inspections and preventive
maintenance assure airworthiness.
Itu telah terbukti bahwa bila secara teratur pemeriksaan dijadwalkan dan pemeliharaan
pencegahan dapat meyakinkan kelaikan terbang
Operating failures and malfunctions of equipment are appreciably reduced if
excessive wear or minor defects are detected and corrected early.
Kegagalan beroperasi dan kegagalan pemakaian dari peralatan sebenarnya dapat
dikurangi jika pemakaian/pengausan yang berlebihan atau terdapat cacat yang kecil dapat
dideteksi dan dikoreksi lebih awal.
The importance of inspections and the proper use of records concerning
these inspections cannot be overemphasized.
Pentingnya pemeriksaan dan penggunaan yang sesuai arsip mengenai pemeriksaan ini
tidak bisa ditekankan berlebihan
Airframe and Engine inspections Scope
- To range from preflight inspections to detailed
inspections.
Visual inspection
Maksud Inspeksi
REM : Removal
Indicates that the time controlled component must be
changed
LUB : Lubrication
The item must be lubricated according to referenced
lubrication card
RPL : Replace
The action whereby any items is remove and another item is
installed in its place for any reason
CLN : Cleaning
Any act of cleaning on item for purpose of maintaining its
inherent design capacity
CRITERIA AND JUDGMENT OF A/C INSPECTION
APPEARANCE
- Clealiness
- Color (discoloration) protective coating, evidence of overheating, corrosion protection.
- Leakage : water,oil, fuel (small),air (evidences of dirty nicotine)
- Fracture, crack,break
DAMAGE
- Surface irregularity (Wrinkle,dent,bulges, scratches)
- Chaving
- Flushness (asymmetry, displacement)
WEAR
- Clearness
- Worn out puts
FATIGUES
- Breaks/crack
- Loose attachment (srew,nuts, clamps,bolts ducts)
CORROTION
- Surface roughness,cavities
- Rusty
- Delaminating
INTEGRITY
- Missing fastener (Screw,nuts,bolt,clamps, rivets)
- Missing safety items (safety wire,cotter pins)
- Missing placard,imperfect markings
TYPE OF INSPECTION SYSTEM
• BEFORE DEPARTURE (BD) CHECK • Preflight Check
• TRANSIT CHECK • Transit Check
• Daily Check
• DAILY CHECK (OVERNIGHT CHECK)
• Weekly Check
• WEEKLY CHECK
.
REQUIRED INSPECTION
CHECKLIST
Always use a checklist when performing the inspection. The checklist should
include the following :
b. Systems and components - for proper installation, apparent defects, and satisfactory
operation.
untuk instalasi yang sesuai, cacat yang
nyata, dan operasi yang memuaskan
c. Envelope gas bags, ballast tanks, and related parts - for condition.
memasang gas kantong, balast tangki/tank, dan part part yang terkait
lainnya untuk kondisinya.
CHECKLIST
Cabin & cockpit group
a. Generally - for cleanness and loose equipment that
should be secured.
Secara umum- untuk kebersihan dan peralatan
bantu meloloskan yang harus dijamin aman.
b. Seats and safety belts - for condition and security.
c. Windows and windshields - for deterioration and
breakage.
d. Instrument - for condition, mounting, marking, and (where practicable) for
proper operation.
e. Flight and engine controls - for proper installation
and operation.
f. Batteries - for proper installation and charge.
g. All systems - for proper installation, general condition, apparent, defect &
security of attachment
untuk instalasi yang sesuai, kondisi yang
umum, yang nyata, cacat& keamanan dari pemasangan
CHECKLIST
Engine and nacelle group
a. Engine section - for visual evidence of excessive oil, fuel, or hydraulic
leaks, and sources of such leaks.
b. Studs and nuts - for proper torquing and obvious defects.
c. Internal engine - for cylinder compression and for metal particles or
foreign matter on screens and sump drain plugs. If
cylinder compression is weak, check for improper internal
condition and improper internal tolerances.
d. Engine mount - for cracks, looseness of mounting, and looseness of engine
to mount.
e. Flexible vibration dampeners - for condition and deterioration.
f. Engine controls - for defects, proper travel, and proper safetying.
g. Lines, hoses, and clamps - for leaks, condition, and looseness.
h. Exhaust stacks - for cracks, defects, and proper attachment.
i. Accessories - for apparent defects in security of mounting.
j. All systems - for proper installation, general condition defects, and secure
attachment.
k. Cowling - for cracks and defects.
l. Ground runup and functional check - check all powerplant controls and
systems for correct response, all instruments for proper
operation and indication.
CHECKLIST
Landing gear group
a. All units - for condition and security of attachment.
b. Shock absorbing devices - for proper oleo fluid level.
c. Linkage, trusses, and members - for undue or excessive wear, fatigue,
and distortion.
d. Retracting and locking mechanism - for proper operation.
e. Hydraulic lines - for leakage.
f. Electrical system - for chafing and proper operation of switches.
g. Wheels - for cracks defects, and condition of bearings.
h. Tires - for wear and cuts.
i. Brakes - for proper adjustment.
j. Floats and skis - for security of attachment and obvious defects.
CHECKLIST
Wing and center section
a. All components - for condition and
security.
b. Fabric and skin - for deterioration,
distortion, other evidence of failure,
and security of attachment.
c. Internal structure (spars, ribs
compression members) - for cracks,
bends, and security.
d. Movable surfaces - for damage or
obvious defects, unsatisfactory fabric
or skin attachment and proper travel.
e. Control mechanism - for freedom of
movement, alignment, and security.
f. Control cables - for proper tension,
fraying, wear and proper routing
through fairleads and pulleys,
CHECKLIST
Empennage group
Buku dan arsip disediakan sebagai suatu sejarah dari pemeliharaan dan
operasi, kendali dari jadwal pemeliharaan, dan data untuk penggantian
waktu dari komponen atau asesoris
*Rom
AIRCRAFT LOGS
• The aircraft logbook is the record in which all data concerning
the aircraft is recorded.
Buku pencatat kejadian pesawat terbang adalah record/ catatan
di mana semua data mengenai pesawat terbang direkam.
Bulletins
Service bulletins are one of several types of publications issued by airframe,
engine, and component manufactures. The bulletins may include:
• The purpose for issuing the publication,
• The name of the applicable airframe, engine, or component,
• Detailed instruction for service, adjustment, modification or inspection, and
source of parts, if required, and
• The estimated number of man hours required to accomplished the job.
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
• The aircraft maintenance manual provided by the manufacture contains
complete instruction for maintenance of all system and components installed in
the aircraft.
Manual pemeliharaan pesawat terbang yang disajikan oleh pembuat berisi instruksi lengkap
untuk pemeliharaan dari semua sistem dan komponen yang terpasang di pesawat terbang
• It contains information for the mechanic who normally works on unit, assemblies,
and systems, while they are installed in the aircraft, and not for the overhaul
mechanic.
berisi informasi untuk montir yang secara normal bekerja pada unit, pemasangan,
dan sistem, ketika mereka memasang di pesawat terbang, dan bukan untuk
montir Overhaul
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AMM
• FAA
Untuk keperluan koreksi dari kondisi-kondisi tak aman
yang ditemukan di dalam suatu pesawat terbang,
mesin/motor pesawat terbang, baling-baling, atau peralatan
lain ketika kondisi-kondisi seperti itu ada dan mungkin
telah ada atau dikembangkan di dalam produk yang lain
dengan design yang sama.
Airworthiness Directives
• A primary safety function of the Federal
Aviation Administration is to require correction
of unsafe conditions found in an aircraft, aircraft
engine, propeller, or appliance when such
conditions exist and are likely to exist or
develop in other products of the same design.
Fungsi Utama keselamatan dari FAA adalah untuk
keperluan koreksi dari kondisi-kondisi tak aman yang
ditemukan di dalam suatu pesawat terbang,
mesin/motor pesawat terbang, baling-baling, atau
peralatan lain ketika kondisi-kondisi seperti itu ada
dan mungkin telah ada atau dikembangkan di dalam
produk yang lain dengan design yang sama.
Airworthiness Directives
• The unsafe condition may exist because of a
design defect, maintenance, or other causes.
FAR Part 39, Airworthiness Directives, defines
the authority and responsibility of the
administrator for requiring the necessary
corrective action.
Kondisi yang tak aman mungkin terjadi oleh karena
suatu cacat disain, pemeliharaan, atau penyebab
yang lain. [FAR] part 39, Airworthiness/Kelaikan
Terbang Directives, menggambarkan otoritas dan
tanggung jawab dari pengurus untuk menuntut
tindakan korektif yang perlu itu.
Airworthiness Directives
• The Airworthiness Directives (AD) are the
media used to notify aircraft owners and other
interested person of unsafe condition under
which the product may continue to be operated.
bukanlah di dalam lingkup dari pedoman ini untuk mendaftar semua materi
yang dapat ditunjukkan pada lembar data type sertifikat . Materi itu
didaftarkan di atas adalah melulu memperkenalkan mekanika ilmu
penerbangan dengan jenis informasi secara umum termasuk pada lembar
data tersebut.
INSPECTION
Introduction to
Nondestructive Testing
Daftar Isi
• Pendahuluan tentan NDT
• Pengenalan 6 metode NDT yang
banyak digunakan
• Aplikasi
Definisi dari NDT
Penetration
Penetrant
Fluorescent penetrant
pada permukaan
menyusup masuk
kedalam kerusakan
(retak)
Pengemulsi diberikan pada cairan penetran.
Pengemulsi bercampur dengan penetrant pada
permukaan benda yang mengalami cacat, namun
tidak bercampur dengan penetran yang berada di
dalam bagian yang retak. Bahan pengemulsi membuat
campuran dapat dibersihkan/ dihilangkan
Emulsification
Emulsifier and
penetrant
Penetrant only
Air disemprotkan untuk menghilangkan campuran
penetran dengan pengemulsinya yang berada hanya
pada permukaan benda, sementara penetran yang
ada di dalam nya tidak ikut hilang
Rinse
water
Penetrant only
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Developer diberikan untuk menarik
penetran dari dalam lubang retak.
Development
developer
Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Cahaya gelap (ultraviolet) dapat membuat
penetrant bercahaya didalam ruangan yang
gelap.
Inspection Black Light
Developer
Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Magnetic Particle Testing
Inspeksi menggunakan Magnetic
particlle adalah suatu cara yang
dapat digunakan untuk
menemukan cacat permukaan
maupun cacat didekat permukaan
pada material ferromagnetik
seperti besi dan baja.
Magnetic Particle
Inspection
Magnetic Particle Testing
Magnetic Particle Testing
The iron particles dapat diberikan pada kondisi
permukan basah maupun kering, dapat menutup
cairan, bersifat florouscent atau berwarna.
Diandalkan untuk menemukan permukaan yang
cacat, juga dapat digunakan untuk menentukan
lokasi yang akan segera mengalami cacat (sub-
surface flaw).
Magnetic Particle Crack
Indications
Radiography
The radiation used in radiography testing
is a higher energy (shorter wavelength)
High Electrical Potential
version of the electromagnetic waves that
we
see as visible light. The radiation can Electrons
come from an X-ray generator or a + -
radioactive source.
X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation
Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample
Coil's
Coil magnetic field
Eddy current's
magnetic field
Eddy
currents
Conductive
material
Eddy Current Testing
Eddy current testing is particularly well suited for detecting surface
cracks but can also be used to make electrical conductivity and coating
thickness measurements. Here a small surface probe is scanned over
the part surface in an attempt to detect a crack.
Eddie Current Testing
Eddy current testing is an electromagnetic
technique and can only be used on
conductive materials. It's applications range
from crack detection, to the rapid sorting of
small components for either flaws, size
variations, or material variation. Commonly it
is used in the aerospace, automotive,
marine and manufacturinq industries.
Eddie Current Testing
When an energized coil is brought near to
the surface of a metal component, eddy
currents are induced into the specimen.
These currents set-up magnetic field that
tend to oppose the original magnetic field.
The impedance of coil in close proximity to
the specimen is effected by the presence of
the induced eddy currents in the specimen.
Eddie Current Testing
When the eddy currents in the specimen are
distorted by the presence of the flaws or
material variations, the impedance in the coil
is altered. This change is measured and
displayed in a manner that indicates the type
of flaw or material condition.
Ultrasonic Inspection (Pulse-
Echo)
High frequency sound waves are introduced into a material
and they are reflected back from surfaces or flaws.
Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and
inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen
showing the depth of features that reflect sound. f
initial
pulse
back surface
echo
crack
echo
crack
0 2 4 6 8 10 plate
Oscilloscope, or
flaw detector
Ultrasonic Imaging
High resolution images can be produced by plotting signal
strength or time-of-flight using a computer-controlled
scanning system.
Gray scale image produced using Gray scale image produced using the
the sound reflected from the front sound reflected from the back surface
surface of the coin of the coin (inspected from “heads”
Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic inspection uses sound
waves of short wavelength and
high frequency to detect flaws or
measure material thickness. It is
used on aircraft, the power
stations generating plant, or welds
in pressure vessels at an oil
refinery or paper mill.
Ultrasonic Testing
Usually pulsed
beams of high
frequency
ultrasound are
used via a hand-
held transducer
which is placed on
the specimen.
Ultrasonic Testing
Any sound from that pulse that returns to
the transducer like an echo is shown on a
screen which gives the amplitude of the
pulse and the time taken to return to the
transducer.
Defects anywhere through the specimen
thickness reflect the sound, back to the
transducer. Flaw size, distance and
reflectivity can be interpreted. Because of
its complexity considerable technician
training and skill is required.
Common Application of
NDT
• Inspection of Raw Products
• Inspection Following Secondary
Processing
• In-Services Damage Inspection
Inspection of Raw Products
• Forgings,
• Castings,
• Extrusions,
• etc.
Inspection Following
Secondary Processing
• Machining
• Welding
• Grinding
• Heat treating
• Plating
• etc.
Inspection For
In-Service Damage
• Cracking
• Corrosion
• Erosion/Wear
• Heat Damage
• etc.
Power Plant Inspection
Periodically, power plants are
shutdown for inspection.
Inspectors feed eddy current
probes into heat exchanger tubes
to check for corrosion damage.
Cameras on
long
articulating
arms are used
to inspect
underground
storage tanks
for damage.
Aircraft Inspection
• Nondestructive testing is used
extensively during the
manufacturing of aircraft.
• NDT is also used to find cracks
and corrosion damage during
operation of the aircraft.
• A fatigue crack that started at the
site of a lightning strike is shown
below.
Jet Engine Inspection
• Aircraft engines are overhauled after
being in service for a period of time.
• They are completely disassembled,
cleaned, inspected and then
reassembled.
• Fluorescent penetrant inspection is
used to check many of the parts for
cracking.
Crash of United Flight 232
Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989
A defect that went
undetected in an
engine disk was
responsible for the
crash of United
Flight 232.
Pressure Vessel Inspection
The failure of a pressure vessel
can result in the rapid release of a
large amount of energy. To protect
against this dangerous event, the
tanks are inspected using
radiography and ultrasonic testing.
Rail
Inspection
Special cars are used to
inspect thousands of miles of
rail to find cracks that could
lead to a derailment.
Bridge Inspection
• The US has 578,000
highway bridges.
• Corrosion, cracking and
other damage can all affect
a bridge’s performance.
• The collapse of the Silver
Bridge in 1967 resulted in
loss of 47 lives.
• Bridges get a visual
inspection about every 2
years.
• Some bridges are fitted with
acoustic emission sensors
that “listen” for sounds of
cracks growing.
Pipeline Inspection
NDT is used to inspect pipelines to
prevent leaks that could damage the
environment. Visual inspection,
radiography and electromagnetic
testing are some of the NDT
methods used.