Chapter 6

The Second Law of

Thermodynamics
 6.1 Introduction to the
Second Law
The second law of thermodynamics is concerned
with directions of processes
 6.2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs

 Very large heat capacity medium

 Heat can be added to or taken from a

thermal reservoir without altering its
temperature

 Heat Source

 Heat Sink
 6.3 Heat Engines
 A heat engine is a device that converts
heat to work

 All types of heat engines can be

characterized by the following
1. They receive heat from a high-
temperature source
2. They convert part of this heat to work
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to
a low-temperature sink
4. They operate on a cycle.
Steam Power Plant
A Piston-Cylinder Heat Engine
 Kelvin-Planck Statement of the Second
Law
 It is impossible for any
device that operates on a
cycle to receive heat from
a single reservoir and
produce a net amount of
work

 No heat engine can have an

efficiency of 100%
 6.4 Refrigerators and Heat
Pumps
A refrigerator or a heat pump is a device that transfers heat from a
lower temperature medium to a higher temperature medium
 Clausius Statement of the Second Law

 It is impossible to construct a
device that operates on a cycle
and produces no effect other than
the transfer of heat from a lower-
temperature body to a higher-
temperature body.

 The coefficient of performance of

a heat pump must be finite
 Equivalence of the Two Statements

Violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement leads to violation of

the Clausius statement
Violation of the Clausius statement leads to violation of the
Kelvin-Planck statement
 6.5 Perpetual Motion Machines
Perpetual-motion machine of the first kind (PMM1)
Perpetual-motion machine of the second kind (PMM2)
 6.6 Reversible and Irreversible
Processes
A reversible process is defined as a
process that can be reversed without
leaving any trace on the surroundings
 Sources of Irreversibility

Friction

Non-equilibrium Expansion or Compression

Heat Transfer

Combustion

Mixing of Fluids
A process is called internally reversible if
no irreversibilities occur within the
boundaries of the system during the
process

A process is called externally reversible

if no irreversibilities occur outside the
boundaries of the system during the
process

A process is called totally reversible, or

simply reversible, if it involves no
irreversibilities within the system or its
surroundings
 6.7 The Carnot Cycle

a) Reversible isothermal
heat addition (1-2)
b) Reversible adiabatic
expansion (2-3)
c) Reversible isothermal
heat rejection (3-4)
d) Reversible adiabatic
compression (4-1)
a) Reversible isothermal
heat addition (1-2)
b) Reversible adiabatic
expansion (2-3)
c) Reversible isothermal
heat rejection (3-4)
d) Reversible adiabatic
compression (4-1)
 6.8 The Carnot Principles
1. The efficiency of an
irreversible heat engine is
always less than the
efficiency of a reversible one
operating between the same
two reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all
reversible heat engines
operating between the
same two reservoirs are the
same.
6.9 The Thermodynamic
Temperature Scale
Kelvin Temperature Scale
6.10 The Carnot Heat Engine
 The Quality of Energy
More of the high-
temperature thermal
energy can be
converted to work.
Therefore, the higher
the temperature, the
higher the quality of
the energy
6.11 The Carnot Refrigerator and
Heat Pump
= (21+273.15)/26 = 11.3