PLANTS

ENXTINCTION
TIMELINE
 TIMELINE

FRANKLINIA SAINT HELENA OLIVE

ALATAMAHA

1803 1881 2002 2003

ORBEXILUM STIPULATUM

CYANEA SUPERBA
 DATA
1, 674 5,430
Data deficients Vulnerable
(DD) (VU)

6,645 3,654
Least concern Endangered
(LC) (EN)

1,851 2,493
Near threatened Critically
(NT) endangered (CR)
 Franklinia alatamaha has been extinct in the
wild since the early 19th century and only

FRANKLINIA exists in cultivation. A native of the

southeastern United States, it was first known
to non-native Americans when it was

ALATAMAHA
identified in 1765.

Named after Benjamin Franklin, the tree only

survived him by 13 years, having last been seen in the
wild in 1803. Already rare in the late 18th century, the
reasons for its extinction are not known. Today,
cultivated specimens only exist because the tree was
lucky enough to have flowers that pleased the human
eye.

Franklinia alatamaha is a small deciduous tree growing to

10 m (33 ft) tall, but commonly 4.5–7.5 m (15–25 ft). It is
prized for its fragrant white flowers, similar to single
white Camellia blossoms; the smell may remind some of
orange blossoms or honeysuckle. The tree has a symmetrical,
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somewhat pyramidal shape, often with different individuals of
the species forming almost identical crowns.
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The tree was last verified in the wild in 1803 by the English
plant collector John Lyon (although there are hints it may have
been present into at least the 1840s). The cause of its extinction
in the wild is not known, but has been attributed to a number of
causes including fire, flood, overcollection by plant collectors,
and fungal disease introduced with the cultivation
of cotton plants.
ORBEXILUM
STIPULATUM
Orbexilum stipulatum, commonly
known as largestipule leather-
root or Falls-of-the-Ohio scurfpea, was
a flowering plant that was endemic to
Rock Island in the Falls of the Ohio; an
area of rapids and rocky limestone
outcrops in Kentucky's portion of
the Ohio River. No live individuals have
been found since 1881 and it is presumed
to be extinct

The plant relied on the grazing

of buffalo, who once roamed the
Ohio River valley. Overhunting
drove the buffalo out of the
region, and with it Orbexilum
stipulatum. sinking hopes of the
plant's survival...
SAINT HELENA OLIVE
(NESIOTA ELLIPTICA)
The Saint Helena olive was already rare by the 19th
century due to deforestation and grazing by introduced
goats, and was previously thought to be extinct until a
single living specimen was discovered in 1977. It was
highly self-incompatible, meaning that most seeds
produced with itself or close relatives would fail,
making it extremely difficult to grow seedlings, given
that the population size for the plant had probably
always been low. Despite immense effort, only a single
cutting of the plant was able to be cultivated, with a
handful of seedlings grown from it. The original wild
plant died in 1994, making the species extinct in the
wild. The final known specimen in cultivation, a
seedling of the cutting, which had been the only
surviving plant since 1999, died in 2003 from fungus
and termite infestation, making the species totally
extinct
Cyanea superba is a rare species of flowering
plant in the bellflower family known by the
common names Mt. Kaala
cyanea and superb cyanea. It is endemic to
the island of Oahu, but it is now 
extinct in the wild. It exists in cultivation and
some individuals have been planted in
CYANEA SUPERBA
appropriate habitat.[1] It is a federally listed 
endangered species of the United States. Like
other Cyanea it is known as haha in Hawaiian
.

This Hawaiian lobelioid was known from lowland

forest habitat in the Waianae and Koʻolau
Mountains of Oahu. There were two subspecies.
The ssp. regina has not been seen since 1932 and is
considered extinct.[3] The ssp. superba was collected
in the 19th century and then was not seen again
until its 1971 rediscovery. In the 1970s there were
about 60 plants counted.[1] By the time the plant was
listed as endangered in 1991 there were twenty
individuals. These slowly disappeared and the last
plant died in 2002.

This plant was driven to extinction by a number of

forces, chiefly habitat destruction and degradation
by feral pigs, rats, and introduced species of slugs.[4]
 They faced competition from invasive plant species
, including kukui (Aleurites moluccanus), silk oak
 (Grevillea robusta), and Christmas berry (Schinus
terebinthifolius). Some factors continue to threaten
the individuals that have been planted in the habitat,
such as fires started during military exercises and
through arson.
THAT’S ALL
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