RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

Energy Resources & Utilization

India: Energy Demand & CO2 Emission

• Primary Energy Consumption of India

• Primary Energy Demand
• Worldwide
• India
• Paris Agreement:
Reduction in the emissions intensity of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
by 33 to 35 % by 2030 from 2005 level
Achieving about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed
capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030
Creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tones of carbon
dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030 .

Ref: IEA, 2020

World’s Energy Consumption & CO2 Emission
World Energy Supply by Fuel

World CO2 Emission by Fuel

World Energy Consumption by Sector

Ref: IEA, August 2020

India: Demand & Supply, 2017

Ref: IEA, 2020

India: Energy Consumption by Sector, 2017

Ref: IEA, 2020

India: Energy Consumption by Source & Sector

Ref: IEA, 2020

G20: TPES by Fuel, 2017

Ref: IEA, 2020

Energy Related Emissions

Ref: IEA, 2020

Energy Resources
 Forms of Energy

 Potential Energy

 Kinetic Energy

 Sources of Energy

 Non Renewable

 Renewable

 Non Renewable

 Petroleum, HGL, NG, Coal & Nuclear Energy

 Renewable

Solar, Geothermal, Wind, Biomass & Hydropower Energy

Crude Oil: Proved Reserves

Ref: BP Statistical Review of World Energy , 2020

Natural Gas: Proved Reserves

Ref: BP Statistical Review of World Energy , 2020

Coal: Proved Reserves

Ref: BP Statistical Review of World Energy , 2020

Focus on Future Fuels

Environmental Damage
Global Warming
Oil Spills
Acid Rain
Air Pollution
Health Threat of Fossil Fuel Use
Running Out of Oil
Energy Independent
Focus on Future Fuels

Biodiesel

Hydrogen

Electricity

 Ethanol

 Hythane

Propane
Emerging Fuels
Methanol
 Steam-reforming of NG/ Coal gasification & Conversion of SynGas

 MTG, DME & Chemical Feedstock

Renewable Hydrocarbon Biofuels
 Green/ Drop-in fuels

 Renewable Diesel/ Synthetic Kerosene

 Dimethyl Ether
 C to C bond, Cetane Number & Particulate Matter Emission

 Bio-butanol
 Solubility in water, energy content, RVP
Drop-in Fuels
Drop-in Fuels
Drop-in Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Fuel Gases occurring in Nature
 NG, CBM, Shale Gas, Gas Hydrates

Fuel Gases made from Solid Fuels

 Producer Gas & Water Gas

 Gases from Gasification Process

 Fuel Gases made from Petroleum

 Refinery Gases, LPG

 Coke gasification

Fuel Gases made by fermentation of organic wastes

Gaseous Fuels
 Hydrogen

 Acetylene
 Metal cutting & Welding

Calorific Value
 Rich & Lean Gas

 Coke gasification
Coal Gasification

Utilization of Coal Gasification Technology

 Fuel for electric power generation

 Substitute Natural Gas

 Hydrogen for Fuel Cell

 SynGas

 Fuel Gas

Sulfur, Alkali metal & Trace elements of Coal

Principal Reactions
Gasification Reactions
SynGas Gasification Processes

 BTU content of the product gas

 Medium- or High Btu Gas Gasification Processes

 Low-or Medium- Btu Gas Gasification Processes

 Low-BTU Gas Gasification Processes

Type of the Reactor

 Fixed or Moving Bed

 Fluidized Bed

 Entrained Bed

 Molten Salt bath reactor

SynGas Gasification Processes

 BTU content of the product gas

 Medium- or High Btu Gas Gasification Processes

 Low-or Medium- Btu Gas Gasification Processes

 Low-BTU Gas Gasification Processes

Type of the Reactor

 Fixed or Moving Bed

 Fluidized Bed

 Entrained Bed

 Molten Salt bath reactor

Gasification Processes
Gasification: Coal to Chemicals
Liquid Fuels from Coal
 Coal Pyrolysis: Devolatilization
 Cleavages of C-C bonds

 Partial breakdown of C-S and C-H bonds

 Coal Rank & Particle size, reactor type, T, P & R.T.

Direct Liquefaction
 Direct Liquefaction

Indirect Liquefaction
 First Stage: SynGas Production

 Second Stage: Catalytic Production of H/C fuels & Oxygenates

Natural Gas
 Fuels
 Gaseous & Liquid Fuels

 Chemicals

Direct Methane Conversion

 Oxidative coupling of Methane

Indirect Methane Conversion: SynGas

 Fischer-Tropsch

 Methanol
GTL, MTG, MTP, MTO, OGD
F-T Process
NG Storage Systems
Gas Storage Capacity

Adsorbed Natural Gas

Gravimetric Capacity 0.5 g/g

Pressure Volumetric Capacity 263 V/V

ANG Storage Volume: 4 times of
CNG (at 3.5 MPa)

-162 oC 200 ~ 250 bar

Liquefied Natural Gas Compressed Natural Gas Methane Hydrates
Adsorbent for Natural Gas Storage
Adsorbents Desirable Properties

Activated Carbons High Surface Area

Activated Carbon Fibers High Pore Volume

Carbon Nanotubes Narrow Micro Pore Distribution

Zeolites Pore Size: 3 Times of Molecule Size

Metal Organic Frameworks High Packing Density

Covalent Organic Frameworks High Micro Porosity

Hydrogen
 Biomass
 Global Availability
 Source of Energy & Raw Materials

 Climate Change & Pollution (Water, Soil & Air)

 Agricultural, Animal Husbandry, Diary, fisheries & Aquaculture wastes

Indian Context
 Burning of Crop Residues : Human Health & safety and loss of nutrients

 195 Million Hectare

 137 Million Hectare: 683 MT of total dry biomass in the 03 crop seasons

(Kharif (59 %, Rabi (39 %) and Summer (2%)): Only from 11 Crops & 71 %

(Rice, Wheat, Cotton & Soybeans)

 Biomass
 Spatial Information System of Biomass Potential from Crop Residues
(https://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in/bioenergy/index.php#)
 Biomass
 Spatial Information System of Biomass Potential from Crop Residues
(https://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in/bioenergy/index.php#)
Biomass Generation: India

Ref: India Energy Outlook, 2021, IEA

Source: TIFAC, 2020

Biomass
 Carbon Neutral Fuel
 Carbon Intensity

 Biomass: 35-49 g/kWhe & Fossil Fuel: > 700 g/kWhe

 CO2 Sink & Why to Cut?

Primary Fuels from Biomass
 Liquid

 Gaseous

 Solid
Chemical, Energy, Transportation & Environmental
Industries
Biomass Characteristics

EN 14961

EN 15234
Biomass
General Characteristics

Bulk Chemical Properties Structural Properties

Chemical Composition
Moisture/total solids Physical Structure
Cellulose
Proximate Analysis Permeability
Hemicellulose
Ultimate Analysis Particle Size & Size
Lignin
Heating Value distribution
Extractables
Biomass Characteristics
Utilization of Biomass
Utilization of Biomass: Biochemical
Utilization of Biomass: Torrefaction
Geothermal Energy

γη + θερμός
Global Warming
12.6 x 1012 EJ
Heat flow & Decay of radioactive isotopes in the crust
 Heat Transfer
Volcanoes, Hot Springs & Geysers
 Applications
Geothermal Energy: Typical Geothermal Field
Geothermal Energy: Usages
Geothermal Energy: District Heating Systems
Geothermal Energy: Direct Uses
Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Heat Pumps
Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Power Plant
Geothermal Energy: Hot Dry Rock
 Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Hydropower
 Energy Extracted from Water

 Elevation

 Dissipation of Energy

 Form of Solar energy

 Advantages

 Available Energy
Hydropower Plants: Classifications
Hydropower: Hybrid Power Plant
Solar Energy: Global CO2 Emission
Solar Energy: TFEC by Energy Carrier
Solar Energy: Power Generation
Solar Energy
 Solar Energy Potential

 Energy Available for Harvesting

 Intrinsic Source of other RE & Fossil fuels

 Passive & Active Solar Technologies

Solar Energy: Concentrating Solar Power
Solar Energy: CSP_ Solar Receivers
Solar Energy: Concentrating Solar Power
Solar Energy: Concentrating Solar Power

Power Island Balance of Plant

Steam Turbine Mechanical systems: H.T system, Steam Generator,
HSE
Electrical Generator Electrical Systems: HV/MV/LV systems, DC system &
Batteries
Auxiliary Systems Instrumentation & Control Systems
Solar Energy: Photovoltaic System
 “
Thank You

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