Section 03

Industrial Instrumentation and New Generation of Digital Process
Control Systems: Smart Protection Devices and Network

Equipment Control & Monitoring (ICS & SCADA)
Section 3
Fundamentals of Logic
Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 1

AND Function
The outcome or output is called Y and the input signals

are called A, B, C, etc. Binary 1 represents the presence
of a signal or the occurrence of some event, while binary
0 represents the absence of the signal or nonoccurrence
of the event.

AND Gate Function Application –

Example 1
Basic Rules
The device has two

or more inputs and
one output
If any input is 0,the

output will be 0
If all inputs are 1,the

output will be 1
AND Gate Function Application –

Example 2
The AND gate operates

like a series circuit. The
light will be “on” only
when both switch A and
switch B are closed.

OR Function
An OR gate can have any number of inputs but only one

output.
The OR gate output is 1 if one or more inputs are 1.
OR Gate Function Application –

Example 1
Basic Rules
If all inputs are 0, the

output will be 0
If one or more inputs

are 1, the output will
be 1

OR Gate Function Application –

Example 2
The OR gate operates

like a parallel circuit.
The light will be “on”
if switch A or switch B
is closed.

NOT Function
The NOT function has only one input and one output.
The NOT output is 1 if the input is 0. The NOT output is 0
if the input is 1.
Since the output is always the reverse of the input it is
called an inverter.
NOT Gate Application – Example 1
Acts like a normally closed

pushbutton in series with
the output.
The light will be “on” if the

pushbutton is not pressed.
The light will be “off” if the

pushbutton is n pressed.

NOT Gate Application – Example 2
Low-pressure indicating
circuit
If the power is “on”

(1) and the pressure switch
is not closed
(0), the warning indicator
will be “on”
When the pressure rises to

close the pressure switch,
the warning indicator will
be switched "off"

NAND Function
The NAND gate functions like an AND gate with an inverter

connected to its output.
The only time the NAND gate output is 0 is when all inputs
are binary 1.
NOR Function
The NOR gate functions like an OR gate with an inverter

connected to its output.
The only time the NAND gate output is 1 is when all inputs
are binary 0.
XOR (exclusive-OR) Function
The XOR function has two inputs and one output.

The output of this gate is HIGH only when one input or the
other is HIGH, but not both.
It is commonly used for comparison of two binary numbers.
Gate Boolean Equations
Gate Boolean Equation
A
AND Y Y=AB
B
A
OR Y Y=A+B
B
A NOT Y Y=A
Boolean Equation – Example 1

Each logic function can be expressed
in terms of a Boolean expression


Any combination of control can be expressed in terms of a
Boolean equation
AB
Y = AB + C
A+B
Y = (A + B) C

AB
Y = AB + C
A+B
Y = (A + B) C

Circuit Development Using a Boolean

Expression - Example
1 AND gate with B and A input

Circuit Development Using a Boolean

Expression - Example
1 AND gate with C and B inputs

Producing a Boolean Expression From a

Given Circuit – Example 1

Producing a Boolean Expression From a

Given Circuit – Example 2
Final equation : Y=AB+AB

Hardwired Stop/Start Motor Control

Circuit
Ladder rung
Ladder rail
Control scheme is drawn
between two vertical
supply lines.
Programmed Stop/Start Motor Control

Circuit

Hard Wired Versus Programmed Logic

Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic








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Industrial Instrumentation and New Generation of Digital Process

Control Systems: Smart Protection Devices and Network

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 1

The outcome or output is called Y and the input signals

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 2

AND Gate Function Application –

The device has two

If any input is 0,the

If all inputs are 1,the

AND Gate Function Application –

The AND gate operates

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 4

An OR gate can have any number of inputs but only one

OR Gate Function Application –

If all inputs are 0, the

If one or more inputs

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 6

OR Gate Function Application –

The OR gate operates

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 7

NOT Gate Application – Example 1

Acts like a normally closed

The light will be “on” if the

The light will be “off” if the

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 9

NOT Gate Application – Example 2

If the power is “on”

When the pressure rises to

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 10

The NAND gate functions like an AND gate with an inverter

The NOR gate functions like an OR gate with an inverter

XOR (exclusive-OR) Function

The XOR function has two inputs and one output.

Gate Boolean Equations

Gate Boolean Equation

Boolean Equation – Example 1

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 15

Boolean Equation – Example 2

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 16

Boolean Equation – Example 2

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 17

Circuit Development Using a Boolean

1 AND gate with B and A input

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 18

Circuit Development Using a Boolean

1 AND gate with C and B inputs

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 19

Producing a Boolean Expression From a

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 20

Producing a Boolean Expression From a

Final equation : Y=AB+AB

Hardwired Stop/Start Motor Control

Programmed Stop/Start Motor Control

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 23

Hard Wired Versus Programmed Logic

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 24

Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 25

Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 26

Hard Wired versus Programmed Logic

Section 3 Haward Technology Middle East 27