Chapter 21:

Body Fluids

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Overview

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Key Terms
acidosis cation interstitial
alkalosis dehydration intracellular
anion edema kektoacidosis
ascites effusion pH
buffer extracellular polydipsia

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Water and Its Functions

Learning Outcomes
1. Compare intracellular and
extracellular fluids.
2. List four types of extracellular
fluids.
3. Name the systems that are
involved in water balance.
4. Explain how thirst is regulated.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

The Importance of Water

• Body fluid maintenance
• Thirst mechanism maintains volume
• Kidney activity regulates volume and composition.
• Hormones regulate fluid volume and electrolytes.
• Buffers, respiration, and kidney function regulate pH.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Fluid Compartments
• Intracellular fluid (ICF)
– Two-thirds to three-fourths of all body fluids
• Extracellular fluid (ECF)
– Interstitial fluid
– Blood plasma
– Lymph
– Fluid in special compartments

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Figure 21-1 Main fluid compartments showing relative

percentage by weight of body fluid.

What are some avenues

through which water is lost?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Water Balance
• Water gain from
– Beverages
– Food
– Cellular respiration
• Water loss from
– Kidneys
– Skin
– Lungs
– Intestinal tract

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Sense of Thirst
• Control center for thirst
• Located in hypothalamus
• Regulates total fluid volume
• Excessive thirst—polydipsia

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Figure 21-2 Daily gain and loss of water.

In what way is the most

water lost in a day?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Water and Its Functions

Checkpoints
21-1 What are the two main compartments into which
body fluids are grouped?
21-2 What are the four routes for water loss from
the body?
21-3 Where is the control center for the sense of
thirst located?

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Electrolytes
and Their Functions
Learning Outcomes
5. Define electrolytes and
describe some of their functions.
6. Describe the role of hormones
in electrolyte balance.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Electrolytes and Their Functions

• Conduct electrical current in solution
• Positive ions (cations)
– Sodium
– Potassium
– Calcium
• Negative ions (anions)
– Phosphate
– Chloride

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Figure 21-3 Distribution of some major ions in intracellular

and extracellular fluids.

What ions are highest in extracellular fluids?

In intracellular fluids?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Electrolyte Balance
• Kidneys do majority of balancing
• Hormones involved
– Aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (pituitary)
– Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid and thyroid
glands)
– Calcitonin hormone (thyroid)
– Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (from the heart)

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Electrolytes and Their Functions

Checkpoints
21-4 What is the main cation in extracellular fluid?
In intracellular fluid?
21-5 What is the main anion in extracellular fluid?
21-6 What are some mechanisms for regulating
electrolytes in body fluids?

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Acid-Base Balance
Learning Outcomes
7. Describe three methods for
regulating the pH of body fluids.
8. Compare acidosis and alkalosis,
including possible causes.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Acid–Base Balance
• pH scale measures hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
• Body fluids have normal pH of 7.35 to 7.45
• Three-tenths of a point shift in either direction is fatal

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Regulation of pH
• Buffer systems accept or release ions as needed
– Bicarbonate
– Phosphate
– Proteins
• Respiration provides short-term regulation
• Kidney function provides long-term regulation

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Abnormal pH
• Acidosis
– pH less than 7.35
– Depressed nervous system
• Alkalosis
– pH greater than 7.45
– Excited nervous system
• Origins
– Respiratory—change in blood CO2
– Metabolic—change in other acids

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Acid-Base Balance
Checkpoints
21-7 What are three mechanisms for maintaining the
acid–base balance of body fluids?
21-8 What are the conditions that arise from abnormally
low or high pH of body fluids?

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Disorders of Body Fluids

Learning Outcome
9. Describe three disorders
involving body fluids.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Disorders of Body Fluids

• Edema
• Water intoxication
• Effusion
• Ascites
• Dehydration

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Figure 21-4 Edema of the foot.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Figure 21-5 Simple test for dehydration.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Disorders of Body Fluids

Checkpoints
21-9 What is edema?
21-10 What is ascites?

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Fluid Therapy
Learning Outcome
10. Specify some fluids used in
therapy.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Fluid Therapy
• Fluids administered intravenously
• Normal (0.9%) saline
• 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline
• 5% dextrose in water
• Ringer lactate solution
• Serum albumin 25%
• Nutritional solutions

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Fluid Therapy
Checkpoint
21-11 When might it be necessary to administer
intravenous fluids?

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Case Study

Learning Outcome
11. Referring to the case, describe
why elderly people are particularly
susceptible to dehydration.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Word Anatomy

Learning Outcome
12. Show how word parts are used to
build words related to bodily fluids.

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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease

Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins