Permutation and combination

Fundamental Principle of Counting:

Case1-:When there are m ways to do one thing,

and n ways to do another,
then there are m×n ways of doing both.

Example: you have 3 shirts and 4 pants.

Example: here are 6 flavors of ice-cream, and 3 different cones.

 Q; In a class, there are 15 boys and 10 girls. The teacher wants to select one boy
and one girl, so as to represent the class in a function. In how many ways can the
teacher make the selection?
 You are buying a new car.
                              
                                        
There are 2 body styles:   Sedan or Hatchback
     
There are 5 colors available:  

     
There are 3 models:   •GL (standard model),
•SS (sports model with
bigger engine)
•SL (luxury model with
leather seats)

How many total choices?

Case 2-:  When there are m ways to do one thing,
and n ways to do another,
then there are (Addition : m + n) ways of doing m or n .

Q: In a class, there are 15 boys and 10 girls. The teacher wants to select a boy
or a girl so as to represent the class in a function. In how many ways can the
teacher make the selection?
Permutations A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a definite order.

Case-1: When repetition of objects is allowed The number of permutations of n

things taken all at a time, when repetition of objects is allowed is nn.

The number of permutations of n objects, taken r at a time, when repetition of

objects is allowed, is nr.
Permutations when the objects are not distinct The number of permutations
of n objects of which p1 are of one kind, p2 are of second kind, ..., pk are of kth kind
and
the rest if any, are of different kinds is:
Circular Permutations:
 Permutation of n distinct objects along a circle can be done in (n – 1)! ways.

Note: This concept can be understood by understanding that n linear permutations

when considered along a circle, give rise to one circular permutation. Thus, the
required circular permutations = (n!/n)=(n-1)!

Permutation along a circle- clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements, are

considered alike.
The number of permutations of n distinct objects- clockwise and anticlockwise
arrangements, is similar = ((n-1)!/2)
Combinations & Combination Formulas: Each of the different selections made by taking
some or all of the number of objects, irrespective of their arrangements, is called a
combination.

Difference Between Combinations And Permutations:

In combinations, only selection is important whereas in the case of permutations, not only
the selection but also the arrangement in a particular sequence is considered. In a
combination, the order of selected objects is immaterial whereas in a permutation, the
order is essential.
To find the permutations of n different items, taken ‘r’ at a time: we first select r items
from n items and then arrange them. So usually, the number of permutations exceeds the
number of combinations.
1. The number of four–digit password having at least one of their digits repeated is
A) 9,000
B) 1,00,00
C) 3,240
D) 4960
2. How many numbers of four digits greater than 2,400 can be formed with digits 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 & 6; no digit being repeated in any number?
A) 140
B) 480
C) 540
D) 1120
3. How many even numbers of four digits can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
and 7; no digit being used more than once?
A) 400
B) 420
C) 750
D) 210
4. Find the sum of all the 4 digit numbers that can be formed with the digits 3, 4, 5 and
6
A) 119988
B) 11988
C) 191988
D) None of these
5. Find the sum of all the 4 digit numbers that can be formed with the digits 3, 4, 4 and
2.
A) 43339
B) 43999
C) 43329
D) None of these
6. How many different words can be formed with the letters of the word ‘FAMILY’ when
vowels occupy even places?
A) 18
B) 36
C) 72
D) 144
7. In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘BANKING’ be arranged so
that the vowels always come together?
(A) 220
(B) 260
(C) 450
(D)  720
8. In how many ways can you rearrange the word ‘JUMBLE’ such that the rearranged
word starts with a vowel?
A) 120
B) 240
C) 360
D) 60
9. In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘MATHEMATICS’ be arranged
so that the vowels always come together?
(A) 20080
(B) 4985895
(C) 120960
(D) None of these
 
10. In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘RUMOUR’ be arranged?
(A) 180
(B) 360
(C) 540
(D) 620
11. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word ‘SIGNATURE’ so that
the vowels always come together?
(A) 750
(B) 1450
(C) 2880
(D) 17280
12. In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘LEADING’ be arranged in
such a way that the vowels always come together?
(A) 180
(B) 360
(C) 720
(D) 5045
13. In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘AUCTION’ be arranged in
such a way that the vowels do not come together?
(A) 4464
(B) 5547
(C) 1650
(D) 5765
14. In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘CORPORATION’ be arranged
so that the vowels always come together?
(A) 850
(B) 940
(C) 2985
(D)  50400
15. There are 20 books of which 4 are single volume and the other are books of 8, 2 and
6 volumes respectively. In how many ways can all these books be arranged on a shelf so
that volumes of the same book are not separated?
A) 2!3!4!5!
B) 3!4!5!6!
C) 4!5!6!7!
D) 8! 7! 6! 2!
16. A round table conference is to be held among 25 delegates from 25 countries. In
how many ways can they be seated if two particular delegates are always to sit
together?
A) 23!
B) 2! ×23!
C) 3! ×23!
D) None of these
17. Nine chairs are numbered 1 to 9. Three women and four men wish to occupy one
chair each. First the women chose the chairs from amongst the chair marked 1 to 5; and
then the men select the chairs from amongst the remaining. The number of possible
arrangements is
A) 5C3 × 4C2
B) 5C2 × 4P3
C) 5C3 × 6C4
D) None of these
18. Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3 consonants and 2 vowels
can be formed?
(A) 320
(B) 450
(C) 25200
(D) 15920
19. A gentleman has 5 friends to invite. In how many ways can he send invitation cards
to them if he has four servants to carry the cards?
A) 16
B) 64
C) 1024
D) 1458
20. In how many ways can 5 boys and 4 girls be seated in a row, so that they alternate?
A) 5!
B) 5!×2!
C) 4!×5!
D) None of these
21. In how many ways can 5 boys and 5 girls can be seated in a row so that boys and
girls are placed alternately?
A) 5!
B) 5!×2!
C) 2×5! × 5!
D) None of these
22. In how many ways can a group of 5 men and 2 women be made out of a total of 7
men and 3 women?
(A) 63
(B) 98
(C) 65
(D) 57
23. In a cricket championship, there are 21 matches. If each team plays one match with
every other team, the number of teams is
A) 7
B) 9
C) 10
D) None of these
24. In an examination, a candidate is required to pass all five different subjects. The
number of ways he can fail is:
A) 32
B) 31
C) 30
D) 29
25. The letter of the word LABOUR are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus
formed are arranged as in a dictionary. What is the rank of the word LABOUR?
(A) 249
(B) 280
(C) 242
(D) None of these
26 If all the letters of the word 'PRIME' are arranged in all possible ways and written out
in alphabetical(dictionary) order, then find the rank of the given word.?
(A) 96
(B) 94
(C) 84
(D) 93
27. In a birthday party, every person shakes hand with every other person. If there was a
total of 28 handshakes in the party, how many persons were present in the party?
(A) 8
(B) 9
(C) 6
(D) 7
28. The greatest number of diagonals that can be drawn from one vertex of a regular 8-
sided polygon is
A) 20
B) 25
C) 18
D) 22
29. The number of straight lines that can be drawn out of 12 points of which 8 are
collinear is
A) 39
B)29
C) 9
D) 59
30. Given 6 line segments of lengths 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 units. Then the number of
triangles that can be formed by joining these lines is
A) 6C3
B) 6C3 - 7
C) 6C3 - 5
D) 6C3 - 1