Mathematics in the

modern world
LESSON 2
 I think GOD made everything through
Mathematics, but not all known to men.

Sir Anre

Enjoy the Lesson

Characteristics of Mathematical
Language
The mathematical language is the system used
to communicate mathematical ideas.
 This language consists of some natural
language using technical terms (mathematical
terms) and grammatical conventions that are
uncommon to mathematical discourse,
supplemented by a highly specialized symbolic
notation for mathematical formulas are global.
 
Characteristics of Mathematical Language is being
Precise
Concise
Powerful
PRECISION
 inmathematics is like a culture of being
correct all the time. Definitions and limits
should be distinction.
 Mathematical ideas is being developed
informally and being done more formally, with
necessary and sufficient conditions stated up
front and restricting the discussion to a
particular class of objects.
CONCISE

 Mathematical language must be CONCISE or shows

simplicity. Being concise is a strong part of the
culture in mathematical language.
 The mathematician desires the simplest possible
single exposition at the price of additional
terminology and machinery to allow all of the
various particularities to be subsumed into the
exposition at the highest possible level
POWERFUL
 Mathematical language must also be
POWERFUL. It is a way of expressing
complex thoughts with relative ease.
 The abstraction in mathematics is the
desire to unify diverse instances under a
single conceptual framework and allows
easier penetration of the subject and the
development of more powerful methods.
According to Galileo Galilei,
“Mathematics is the language in
which God has written the
universe”.
It can be attributed that
mathematicians is a universal
language because the principles and
foundations of mathematics are the
same everywhere around the world.
Expression vs. Sentences
An expression (mathematical expression )
is a finite combination of symbols that is well-defined
according to rules that depend on the context.
The symbols can designate numbers, variables, operations,
functions, brackets, punctuations, and groupings to help
determine the order of operations, and other aspects of
mathematical syntax.

A mathematical expression is a correct arrangement of

mathematical symbols used to represent the object of
interest, it does not contain a complete thought, and it
cannot be determined if it is true or false.
A sentence (mathematical sentence)

makes a statement about two expressions, either
using numbers, variables, or a combination of both.
A mathematical sentence can also use symbols or
words like equals, greater than, or less than. 
A mathematical sentence is a correct arrangement
of mathematical symbols that states a complete
thought and can be determined if it is true, false,
sometimes true/sometimes false.
Convention in the Mathematical Language
 Mathematical languages have conventions and it
helps individual distinguish between different types
of mathematical expressions.
A mathematical convention is a fact, name,
notation, or usage which is generally agreed upon by
mathematicians. Let say for example, one evaluates
multiplication before addition following the
principle of PEMDAS (Parenthesis, Exponent,
Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction).
SETS
A set is a well-defined collection of
objects; the objects are called the
elements or members of the set.
The symbol is used to denote that an
object is an element of a set, and the
symbol denotes that an object is not an
element of a set.
Languageof Sets
Some examples of sets

A = {x│x is a positive integer less than 10}

B = {x │ x is the 1st 5 letter in the English Alphabet}
C = {x │ x is an integer, 1< x < 8}
 More examples of Sets
A = {x│x is a positive integer less or equal than 10}
B = {x│x is a vowel in the English Alphabet}
C = {x│x is an integer, 10 > x ≥ 5}
Two Ways in Representing Sets
 Roster method
is when the elements of the set are enumerated and separated by
a comma, it is also called tabulation method.
Example: A = {a, e, i, o, u}

 Rule method
involves specifying a rule or condition which can be used to decide
whether an object can belong to the set. This rule is written inside
a pair of curly braces and can be written either as a statement or
expressed symbolically or written using a combination of
statements and symbols.
Example: A = {x│x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
Kinds of Sets
1. Finite set
Example:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
 

2 . Infinite set
Example:
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
 

3. Unit set (or singleton set)

Example:
C = {2}
[Link] set (or null set)
it is denoted by the symbol
Example:
D={}

5. Joint Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be joint sets if there at least
one element common to both sets.
Example:
A = {x│x is a real number, 1<x<5}
B = {x│x is an even number less than 10} 
Sets A and B are joint sets because {2, 4} A and B
6. Disjoint Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if there is no element
common to both sets.
Example:
The set of even numbers.
The set of odd numbers.
 

7. Universal set denoted by capital U.

Example:
The set of all counting numbers. In symbol, U = {1, 2, 3, …}
 

8. Cardinal number denoted by n(A).

Example:
A = {1, 2, 3} Set A has 3 elements. Hence, n(A) = 3
[Link] Sets
Example:
A = {1, 2, 3} Here n(A) = 3 
B = {p, q, r} Here n(B) = 3 
Therefore, A ↔ B 

10. Equal sets

Example:
A = {t, e, a, m} 
B = {m, a, t, e}
11. Subsets
If A and B are sets, A is called subset of B, written if and only if, every
element of A is also an element of B. A is a proper subset of B, written if and
only if, every element of A is in B but there is at least one element of B that is
not in A. On the contrary, the symbol denotes that it is not a proper subset.  
Example:
Suppose A = {c, d, e} B = {a, b, c, d, e}
since every element of A is in B but there at least one element of
B that is not in A.
if every element of A is in B.
Example:
Suppose A = {c, d, a, e, b} B = {a, b, c, d, e}
Power set of S denoted by P(S) is the set of all the subsets of a set.

Example:
A = {a, b, c}
Subset with no element: or { }
Subset with 1 element: {a}, {b} and {c}
Subset with 2 elements: {a, b}, {a, c} and {b, c}
Subset with 3 elements: {a, b, c}
 
And altogether we get the Power Set of {a, b, c}:
 
P(S) = { { }, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c} }
 This is also known as the family of sets
Operation on Sets
1. Union of Sets
The union of A and B, denoted by is the set of all elements x in U such
that x is in A or x is in B. Symbolically:
Example: if A = { a, b, c} and B = {a, e, i}, then   ={a, b, c, e, i}

2. Intersection of Sets
Let A and B be subsets of a universal set U. The intersection of A and
B, denoted by is the set of all elements x in U such that x is in A and x is
in B. Symbolically:
Example: if A = { a, b, c} and B = {a, e, i}, then   ={a}
 Complement of a Set
The complement of A (absolute complement of A), denoted by A’, is the
set of all elements x in U such that x is not in A. Symbolically:

Example: If U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and A = { 0, 2, 4}, then A’ = {1, 3, 5, 6}

Difference of Two Sets

The difference of A and B (or relative complement of B with respect to A),
denoted by is the set of all elements x in U such that x is in A and x is not
in B. Symbolically:
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and B = { 1, 2, 7}, then A B = {3, 4, 5, 6}
B A={ }
The Cartersian Product
The Cartesian product of sets A and B, written A x B is,
AxB

Example:
A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {7, 8}
 

To get we pair each element of A with each element of B. The

results as ordered pairs, with each element of A written first
and the element of B written second such as
 M A T H
 Moral
 Attitude
 Towards
 Humility

Sir Anre
That’s all for today

Shalom