Knowledge Management Group Assignment

Group 5 Members
1. Brian Mumo 20/02365 BBIT
2. Joel Liduvwi 20/02889 BBIT
3.Salma Muhamud 21/03306 BBIT
4.Mungai Kagechu 21/02480 BBIT
5.Allan Muthama 20/03888 BBIT
6.Gift Ndunda 22/01092 BBIT
7.Muna Damey 20/01387 BBIT
8.Gabriel Wasuna 20/00411 BBIT
9.Ian Kithuki 18/02849 BBIT
10.Zakariya Mohamed 22/01109 BBIT
11.David Ngatia 21/01252 BBIT
• Question: With aid of examples, discuss the following types of
reasoning:
1.Model Based Reasoning
2. Constraint Based Reasoning
3. Case Based Reasoning
4. Context Based Reasoning
Discuss Rule Based Systems : Classification of Rule Based Systems
Diagnosis, Design, Decision Support, Planning Scheduling
Model Based Reasoning
Model-based reasoning is the use of a working model and associated
real-world data to draw conclusions. It is crucial in both artificial logic
systems and scientific reasoning.

The time-consuming part of this strategy is the model creation, as it is

required to create the model as deep, complicated, and detailed as
possible in order to attain the greatest outcomes. Once a workable
model has been built, it may need to be updated on a regular basis.
In an example of model-based reasoning a corporation may create a
working neurological model of the human body. The model would
generally include information about the central and peripheral nervous
systems' network of connections.
Using observations to generate a matrix of known knowledge, data
about the symptoms of neurological issues might be added into the
system. A user might engage with the model by entering patient
symptoms such as slurred speech and unequally dilated pupils, and the
model would return a possible diagnosis such as stroke.
Constraint Based Reasoning
Constraint-based modeling is a scientifically-proven mathematical
approach, in which the outcome of each decision is constrained by a
minimum and maximum range of limits (+/- infinity is allowed).
The solution values of decision variables that share a common
constraint must also fall inside that constraint's boundaries. When
using optimization techniques like linear and mixed-integer
programming to optimize an objective function, a constraint-based
modeling approach is most typically and efficiently applied.
Consider the following scenario: a vehicle factory has two assembly
lines, one for cars and the other for trucks. However, the factory only
has one paint shop, which is a bottleneck for the entire facility. In this
scenario, the corporation needs to determine how many cars and
trucks it should produce in order to optimize profits. When the best
option is found, neither assembly line's production nor the paint shop's
capacity will be exceeded.
Case Based Reasoning
Case-based reasoning is a strategy to tackling new problems that is based
on prior successful answers to similar challenges.
Case-based reasoning addresses memory, learning, planning, and
problem solving, laying the groundwork for a new generation of
intelligent computer systems that can solve issues and adapt to new
conditions.
After examining a specific patient in his office, a physician receives a
reminder from a patient he treated two weeks previously. Assuming that
the physician was reminded because of a similarity of major symptoms
(rather than, say, the patient's hair color), he utilizes the prior patient's
diagnosis and treatment to decide the ailment and therapy for the
patient in front of him.
Context Based Reasoning
Context-based Reasoning is a paradigm for representing human
behavior that uses context as its foundation.
Context-based Reasoning models are used to guide autonomous agents
during the course of a mission.
An example in application is a location-based news aggregator for
mobile devices, such as a mobile application that uses geometric
coordinates to feed location-based news to the user instead of global
world news.
Rule Based Systems
I) Classification of Rule Based Systems
Rule-based classifiers are a form of classifier that makes a classification
conclusion based on a set of "if...else" rules. Because these principles
are simple to understand, these classifiers are frequently employed to
create descriptive models.
The condition used with “if” is called the antecedent and the predicted
class of each rule is called the consequent.
Rule-based classifiers have the following characteristics:
• Coverage refers to the percentage of records that meet the
antecedent requirements of a rule.
• The rules generated by rule-based classifiers are usually not mutually
exclusive, meaning that multiple rules can apply to the same record.
• The rules generated by rule-based classifiers may not be exhaustive,
meaning that certain data may be excluded from all rules.
• They create linear decision boundaries, but because several rules are
triggered for the same record, they can be far more complex than a
decision tree.
II) Diagnosis
The domain-specific expert system, which utilizes rules to make
deductions or choices, is a classic example of a rule-based system.
An expert system could, for example, assist a doctor in determining the
correct diagnosis based on a group of symptoms or selecting tactical
actions in a game.
III) Design
In rule based architecture, the condition actions pairs are represented
as rules, with the premises of the rules (if part) corresponding to the
condition and the conclusion (then part) corresponding to the action.
The knowledge base is the most important component of an expert
system, which is why it's also known as a knowledge-based system.
Expert system information is typically organized in the form of a tree,
with a root frame and several sub frames. A small knowledge base can
only contain one frame, which is the root frame, however a large and
complicated knowledge base can have numerous frames.
IV) Rule Based Decision Making
The rule-based strategy is recognizing the scenario and recalling or
finding up the applicable rule or procedure in a manual. This approach
may necessitate more conscious effort than decision-making based on
recognition. To discover the specified response, the individual is
actively searching their memory store for the matching rule or
physically reviewing a procedures manual or a checklist. Standard
procedures control high-risk businesses, and operating staff are
frequently required to check the manual before taking action.
When a problem happens on an aircraft flight deck, for example, the
pilots should have a set of emergency procedures memorized or
reference the flight manual.
V) Rule Based Scheduling
Rule-based scheduling is a quick and easy heuristic scheduling method
for creating plausible schedules for projects with a regular schedule
goal.
A priority rule determines the list with the rankings of activities, and a
schedule generating scheme constructs a feasible project schedule
based on the built activity list in a rule-based scheduling technique.