Mechanical Behavior of

Materials

Marc A. Meyers & Krishan K. Chawla

Cambridge University Press

 Chapter 1
Materials, Structure, Properties, and
Performance
Thomas’s Iterative Tetrahedron
Properties of Main Classes of Materials
Biomaterials: Dental Implants in the
Jawbone

Steps required for insertion of implant into mandible.

(Courtesy of J. Mahooti.)
 Biomaterials: Typical Hip and Knee
Prostheses

Total hip replacement prosthesis Total knee replacement prosthesis.

Composites: Schematic representations
of different classes
 Composites:
Different Types of Reinforcement
Specific Modulus and Strength
of Some Materials
 Hierarchical Structure: Biological and
Synthetic Materials

Tendon

Advanced
Synthetic
Composite
 Crystal Structures:
7 Crystal Systems, 14 Bravais lattices
Directions in Cubic Unit Cell
Miller Indices for Planes in Cubic Cell
Direction and Planes:
Miller Indices
Hexagonal Structure

Three to four index conversion

Three Most Common Crystal Structures
 (001) Plane in Molybdenum

Atomic Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy; Courtesy R. Gronsky

FCC and HCP Structures: Stacking of
Closest Packed Planes
(a)Layer of most closely packed atoms corresponding to
(111) in FCC and (00.1) in HCP.

(b) Packing sequence of most densely packed planes in

AB and AC sequence.

(c) Ball model showing the ABAB sequence of the HCP

structure.

(d) Ball model showing the ABCABC sequence of the

FCC structure.
Different Structures of Ceramics
Ordered Structure: Intermetallic Compound
Important Intermetallic Compounds
 Structure of Glasses

Ordered crystalline of silica Random-network of glassy silica

 Structure of Glasses

(c)

Atomic arrangements in crystalline and glassy metals

Glasses and Crystals: Specific Volume
 Classification of Polymers

(a) Homopolymer: one type of repeating unit.

(b) Random copolymer: two monomers, A and B,

distributed randomly.

(c) Block copolymer: a sequence of monomer A,

followed by a sequence of monomer B.

(d) Graft copolymer: Monomer A forms the main

chain, while monomer B forms the branched
chains.
Different types of molecular chain
configurations.
Tacticity in Polypropylene

Tacticity : Order of placement of side groups.

 Crystallinity of Polymers

A lamellar crystal showing growth spirals

around screw dislocations. TEM.

(Courtesy of H.D. Keith.)

Spherulitic structures:
a.Spherulitic structure

b. Each spherulite consists of

radially arranged,
narrow crystalline lamellae.

c. Each lamella has tightly packed

polymer chains folding back
and forth
Polymer Chain Configuration
Molecular Weight Distribution in Polymers
 Liquid Crystals

Different types of order in the liquid crystalline state

Stress-Strain Curves for Biological Materials

Urether Human femur bone

(After F. C. P. Yin and Y. C. Fung, Am. (After F. G. Evans, Artificial

J. Physiol. 221 (1971), 1484.) Limbs, 13 (1969) 37.)
Crack Propagation in an Abalone Shell

Cross section of abalone shell Arrangement of calcium carbonate in nacre,

showing how a crack, starting at forming a miniature“brick and mortar”
left, is deflected by viscoplastic structure (microscale).
layer between calcium carbonate
lamellae (mesoscale).
Porous and Cellular Materials
Compressive stress–strain curves for foams.

(a) Polyethylene with different initial

densities.

(b) Mullite with relative density = 0.08.

(c) Schematic of a sandwich structure.

L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, Cellular Solids: Structure and
Properties (Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press, 1988), pp. 124,
125.)
Biological Material: Toucan Beak
Toucan beak

External shell made of keratin scales

Foams: Synthetic and Natural

Synthetic aluminum foam

Foam found in the inside of toucan beak

Courtesy of M. S. Schneider and K. S.

Biological Minerals: Atomic Structure

Atomic structure of hydroxyapatite:

small white atoms (P), large gray atoms (O),
black atoms (Ca).

Atomic structure of aragonite:

large dark atoms (Ca), small gray atoms (C),
large white atoms (O).

Courtesy K. S. Vecchio
Amino Acids

Missing eqn
 Polypeptide Chains
Alpha Helix and Beta Sheet Structures
 Collagen

Triple helix structure of collagen

Adapted from Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues

(Berlin: Springer, 1993).
Collagen: Hierarchical Structure

Hierarchical organization of collagen,

starting with triple helix,

and going to fibrils.

(From H. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell

Biology, 4th ed. (New York, W.H. Freeman &
Company, 1999).)
 Mechanical Properties of a Collagen Fiber

Stress–strain curve of collagen with three

Idealized configuration of a characteristic stages.
wavy collagen fiber.
 Muscles:Actin

Molecular structure of actin.

Muscles: Myosin
 Muscles:
Movement of Actin and Myosin Filaments

Action of cross-bridges when actin filament is moved to left with respect to myosin
filament; notice how cross-bridges detach themselves, then reattach themselves to
actin.
Muscle Structure: Sarcomere Units
Muscle Structure: Myofibril
Muscle Hierarchical Structure:
from Fibrils to Fibers
Biological Material: Sponge Spicule
Stress-deflection responses of synthetic
silica rod and sponge spicule in
flexuretesting.
(Courtesy of M. Sarikaya and G. Mayer.)
SEM of fractured sponge
spicule showing two-
dimensional onion-skin
structure of concentric layers.
(Courtesy of G. Mayer and M. Sarikaya.)
 Active (Smart) Materials:Ferroelectricity

(a)Effect of applied field E on

dimension of ferroelectric
material.

(b) Linear relationship between

strain and electric field.

(a) (Courtesy of G. Ravichandran.)

 Electronic Materials

Cross section of a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS).

(Adapted from W. D. Nix, Met. Trans., 20A (1989) 2217.)
Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes
Three configurations for single wall carbon
nanotubes:

arm chair;

“zig-zag”;

chiral.

(Adapted from M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and R. Saito, Carbon,

33 (1995) 883.)
Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes

Array of parallel carbon nanotubes grown as a forest.

(From R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov and W. A. de Heer, Science, 297 (2002) 787.)
Strength of Copper Whisker
Strength of Whiskers
Tensile Strength of Whiskers at R. T.
Turbine Blade Subjected to Centripetal Forces