Chapter 10

Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2011 Edition
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview
Describe various types of

network attacks, and
Discuss techniques to
identify ways to safeguard
prevent unauthorized
against these attacks,
computer access and use
including firewalls and
intrusion detection software
Identify safeguards against Explain the ways to protect

hardware theft and against software theft and
vandalism information theft
See Page 381 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 2

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
Objectives Overview
Discuss the types of Identify risks and

devices available that safeguards associated
protect computers with wireless
from system failure communications
Discuss ways to
Discuss issues
prevent health-related
surrounding
disorders and injuries
information privacy
due to computer use
See Page 381 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 3

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
Computer Security Risks
• A computer security risk is any event or action that could

cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware,
software, data, information, or processing capability
• A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act
Hackers Crackers Script Kiddies Corporate Spies
Unethical
Cyberextortionists Cyberterrorists
Employees
Pages 382 - 383 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 4

Chapter 10
Computer Security Risks

Figure 10-1 Chapter 10
Internet and Network Attacks
• Information transmitted over networks has a

higher degree of security risk than information
kept on an organization’s premises
Computer Virus Worm Trojan Horse Rootkit
• Affects a • Copies itself • A malicious • Program that

computer repeatedly, program that hides in a
negatively by using up hides within or computer and
altering the way resources and looks like a allows someone
the computer possibly legitimate from a remote
works shutting down program location to take
the computer full control
or network
Page 384 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 6

Chapter 10
Video: Attack of the Mobile Viruses
CLICK TO START
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 7
Chapter 10
• An infected computer has one or more of the

following symptoms:
Operating system Available memory Screen displays
Files become
runs much slower is less than unusual message
corrupted
than usual expected or image
Unknown
Music or unusual Programs or files
Existing programs programs or files
sound plays do not work
and files disappear mysteriously
randomly properly
appear
Operating system
System properties Operating system
shuts down
change does not start up
unexpectedly

Chapter 10

• Users can take several precautions to protect their home

and work computers and mobile devices from these
malicious infections
Pages 385 – 387 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 10


• A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a
network
– A compromised computer is known as a zombie
• A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to
Internet services
• A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that
allow users to bypass security controls
• Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or
Internet transmission appear legitimate
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click DoS Attacks
below Chapter 10

Chapter 10
• A firewall is hardware and/or software that

protects a network’s resources from intrusion

then click Firewalls
below Chapter 10

Intrusion detection software

• Analyzes all network traffic
• Assesses system vulnerabilities
• Identifies any unauthorized intrusions
• Notifies network administrators of
suspicious behavior patterns or security
breaches
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
15 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition Page 389
Unauthorized use is the Unauthorized access is
use of a computer or its the use of a computer or
data for unapproved or network without
possibly illegal activities permission
Unauthorized Access and Use
• Access controls define who can access a

computer, when they can access it, and what
actions they can take
– Two-phase processes called identification and
authentication
– User name
– Password
– CAPTCHA

• A possessed object is any • A biometric device
item that you must carry to authenticates a person’s
gain access to a computer identity by translating a
or computer facility personal characteristic into
– Often are used in a digital code that is
combination with a personal compared with a digital
identification number (PIN) code in a computer

• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and

analysis of evidence found on computers and
networks
• Many areas use digital forensics
Law Criminal Military
enforcement prosecutors intelligence
Information
Insurance
security
agencies
departments
Chapter 10
Hardware Theft and Vandalism
Hardware vandalism
Hardware theft is the
is the act of defacing
act of stealing
or destroying
computer equipment
computer equipment

Chapter 10
Hardware Theft and Vandalism
• To help the reduce of chances of theft, companies

and schools use a variety of security measures
Physical access Alarm

controls systems
Cables to lock
Real time
equipment location system
then click RTLS
below Chapter 10

Software Theft
• Software theft occurs when someone:
Steals software Intentionally

media erases programs
Illegally registers
Illegally copies a
and/or activates
program
a program

Chapter 10
Software Theft
• A single-user license agreement typically contains the

following conditions:
Permitted to
• Install the software on one computer
• Make one copy of the software
• Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it
Not permitted to
• Install the software on a network
• Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software
• Export the software
• Rent or lease the software
Chapter 10
Software Theft
• Copying, loaning,
borrowing, renting, or
distributing software
can be a violation of
copyright law
• Some software requires
product activation to
function fully

Information Theft
• Information theft occurs when someone steals

personal or confidential information
• Encryption is a process of converting readable
data into unreadable characters to prevent
unauthorized access

Information Theft
• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a

person, Web site, or organization attaches to an
electronic message to verify the identity of the
sender
• A digital certificate is a notice that guarantees a
user or a Web site is legitimate
– Issued by a certificate authority
then click Digital Certificates
below Chapter 10

Chapter 10
Information Theft

System Failure
• A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a

computer
• A variety of factors can lead to system failure,
including:
– Aging hardware
– Natural disasters
– Electrical power problems
– Errors in computer programs

Chapter 10
System Failure
• Two ways to protect from system failures caused

by electrical power variations include surge
protectors and uninterruptable power supplies
(UPS)

then click Surge Protectors
below Chapter 10

Figures 10-13 – 10-14 Chapter 10
Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard
• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk

that can be used if the original is lost, damaged,
or destroyed
– To back up a file means to make a copy of it
• Offsite backups are stored in a location separate
from the computer site
Cloud
Storage

Chapter 10
Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard
• Two categories of • Three-generation

backups: backup policy
– Full backup
– Selective backup Grandparent
Parent
Child

Chapter 10
Wireless Security
• Wireless access poses additional security risks

– About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security
protection
• War driving allows individuals to detect wireless
networks while driving a vehicle through the area
Configure a WAP
A wireless access
Change the default so that only certain Use WPA or WPA2
point should not
SSID devices can access security standards
broadcast an SSID
it

Chapter 10
Health Concerns of Computer Use
• The widespread use of

computers has led to
health concerns
– Repetitive strain injury
(RSI)
• Tendonitis
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
(CTS)
– Computer vision
syndrome (CVS)


• Ergonomics is an
applied science devoted
to incorporating
comfort, efficiency, and
safety into the design of
items in the workplace

• Computer addiction occurs when the computer

consumes someone’s entire social life
• Symptoms of users include:
Craves Overjoy when Unable to stop
computer at the computer
time computer activity
Irritable when Neglects

Problems at
not at the family and
work or school
computer friends
Chapter 10
Ethics and Society
• Computer ethics are

the moral guidelines
that govern the use of
computers and
information systems
• Information accuracy is
a concern
– Not all information on
the Web is correct
Page 399 – 401 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 36

Ethics and Society
Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled for their work
• A copyright protects any tangible form of expression
Digital rights management is a strategy designed to prevent illegal distribution of movies,

music, and other digital content

then click Digital Rights
Management
below Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Ethics and Society
• Green computing
involves reducing the
electricity and
environmental waste
while using a computer
– ENERGY STAR program

Ethics and Society
• Information privacy refers to the right of

individuals and companies to deny or restrict the
collection and use of information about them
• Huge databases store data online
• It is important to safeguard your information
Page 402 - 403 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 39

Chapter 10
Ethics and Society

Ethics and Society
• When you fill out a

form, the merchant that
receives the form
usually enters it into a
database
• Many companies today
allow people to specify
whether they want their
personal information
distributed
Chapter 10
Ethics and Society
• A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on

your computer
• Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons:
Allow for Store users’

personalization passwords
Assist with Track how often

then click Cookies
below Chapter 10
Pages 403 - 404 online shopping Chapter 10

users visit a site
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 42
Ethics and Society

Ethics and Society
• Spam is an unsolicited
e-mail message or
newsgroup posting
• E-mail filtering blocks e-
mail messages from
designated sources
• Anti-spam programs
attempt to remove
spam before it reaches
your inbox
Ethics and Society
• Phishing is a scam in
which a perpetrator sends
an official looking e-mail
message that attempts to
obtain your personal and
financial information
• Pharming is a scam where
a perpetrator attempts to
obtain your personal and
financial information via
spoofing
Ethics and Society
• The concern about privacy has led to the

enactment of federal and state laws regarding the
storage and disclosure of personal data
– See Figure 10-25 on page 406 for a listing of major U.S.
government laws concerning privacy

Chapter 10
Ethics and Society
Social engineering is defined as gaining

unauthorized access or obtaining confidential
information by taking advantage of trust and naivety
Employee monitoring involves the use of computers

to observe, record, and review an employee’s use of
a computer

Chapter 10
Ethics and Society
• Content filtering is the

process of restricting
access to certain
material on the Web
• Many businesses use
content filtering
• Web filtering software
restricts access to
specified Web sites

Summary
Potential computer risks and Wireless security risks and

the safeguards safeguards
Ethical issues surrounding

information accuracy,
Computer-related health intellectual property rights,
issues and preventions codes of conduct, green
computing, and information
privacy
Chapter 10
Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2011 Edition
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10 Complete

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Discovering Computers

Describe various types of

Identify safeguards against Explain the ways to protect

See Page 381 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 2

Discuss the types of Identify risks and

See Page 381 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 3

• A computer security risk is any event or action that could

Hackers Crackers Script Kiddies Corporate Spies

Pages 382 - 383 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 4

Pages 382 - 383 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 5

• Information transmitted over networks has a

• Affects a • Copies itself • A malicious • Program that

Page 384 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 6

• An infected computer has one or more of the

Page 384 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 8

Page 385 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 9

• Users can take several precautions to protect their home

Pages 385 – 387 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 10

Page 386 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 11

Pages 387 - 388 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 12

• A firewall is hardware and/or software that

Click to view Web Link,

Pages 388 - 389 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 13

Intrusion detection software

• Access controls define who can access a

Pages 389 - 390 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 16

Page 391 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 17

• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and

Page 393 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 19

• To help the reduce of chances of theft, companies

Physical access Alarm

Page 393 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 20

• Software theft occurs when someone:

Steals software Intentionally

Page 393 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 21

• A single-user license agreement typically contains the

Page 394 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 23

• Information theft occurs when someone steals

Page 395 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 24

• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a

Pages 395 - 396 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 25

Page 395 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 26

• A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a

Page 396 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 27

• Two ways to protect from system failures caused

Click to view Web Link,

Page 396 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 28

• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk

Page 396 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 29

• Two categories of • Three-generation

Page 397 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 30

• Wireless access poses additional security risks

Page 397 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 31

• The widespread use of

Page 398 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 32

Page 398 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 33

Page 399 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 34

• Computer addiction occurs when the computer

Irritable when Neglects

• Computer ethics are

Page 399 – 401 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011 Edition 36

• A copyright protects any tangible form of expression

Digital rights management is a strategy designed to prevent illegal distribution of movies,