NETWORKING FOR FFCs

INS Hamla, Mumbai

 COMPUTER NETWORKING

WHAT IS NETWORKING?
Networking is the exchange of information and ideas
among people with a common profession or special
interest, usually in an informal social setting. Networking
often begins with a single point of common ground.

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
INTERCONNECTION OF NETWORKS

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for Computer

Application INS Hamla
TYPES OF NETWORK

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 LAN, WAN, AND MAN

• Three main networking technologies :-

 Local area network (LAN)

 Wide area network (WAN)

 Metropolitan area network (MAN)

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 LAN

1. Used to network computers located in a limited

geographical area such as a room, floor, or building

2. Has three main attributes:-

(a) Topology - Bus, Star, and Ring
(b) Medium - Copper, Fibre and Wireless
(c) Protocols

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for Computer Application

INS Hamla
 LAN

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for Computer Application

INS Hamla
 MAN
1. MAN is a larger version of LAN which covers an area that is
larger than covered by LAN but smaller than area covered by
WAN

2. A MAN network usually covers a city. The best known

example of a MAN is the cable television network available in
many cities

3.  MAN connects two or more LANs

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
MAN

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 WAN
1. Spans a large geographic area
2. Defined as an internetwork (private or public) that connects
many LANs
3. Uses routers and usually point-to-point link
4. Examples of WANs
(a)The Internet
(b)Private global enterprise networks

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
WAN

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 GAN
1. A global network, such as the internet, is referred to as the
Globe Area Network (GAN). The internet is, however, not the only
computer network of its kind.

2. Internationally operating companies also support local networks

that comprise of several WANs and connect company computers
across the world.

3. GANs use the fiber optic infrastructure from wide area

networks and combine these with international undersea cables
or satellite transmissions
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
GAN

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
NETWORK DEVICES

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 HUB
A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A
hub connects multiple wires coming from
different branches, for example, the
connector in star topology which connects
different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so
data packets are sent to all connected
devices. Also, they do not have intelligence
to find out best path for data packets which
leads to inefficiencies and wastage.

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 TYPES OF HUB
1. Active Hub :- These are the hubs which have their own power
supply and can clean, boost and relay the signal along with the
network. It serves both as a repeater as well as wiring centre.
These are used to extend the maximum distance between nodes

2. Passive Hub :- These are the hubs which collect wiring from
nodes and power supply from active hub. These hubs relay
signals onto the network without cleaning and boosting them and
can’t be used to extend the distance between nodes.

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 SWITCH
A switch is a multiport bridge with a
buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency (a large number of ports imply
less traffic) and performance. A switch is
a data link layer device. The switch can
perform error checking before forwarding
data, that makes it very efficient as it
does not forward packets that have
errors and forward good packets
selectively to correct port only.
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 GATEWAY
A gateway, as the name suggests, is a
passage to connect two networks
together that may work upon different
networking models. They basically
work as the messenger agents that
take data from one system, interpret it,
and transfer it to another system.
Gateways are also called protocol
converters and can operate at any
network layer. Gateways are generally
more complex than switch or router.
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 BRIDGE
A bridge operates at data link
layer. A bridge is a repeater, with
add on the functionality of
filtering content by reading the
MAC addresses of source and
destination. It is also used for
interconnecting two LANs
working on the same protocol. It
has a single input and single
output port, thus making it a 2
port device.
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 TYPES OF BRIDGES
1. Transparent Bridges :- These are the bridges in which the
stations are completely unaware of the bridge’s existence i.e.
whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from the network, re-
configuration of the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make
use of two processes i.e. bridge forwarding and bridge learning.

2. Source Routing Bridges :- In these bridges, routing

operation is performed by source station and the frame specifies
which route to follow. The hot can discover frame by sending a
special frame called discovery frame, which spreads through the
entire network using all possible paths to destination.
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 ROUTER
A router is a device like a switch
that routes data packets based on
their IP addresses. Router is
mainly a Network Layer device.
Routers normally connect LANs
and WANs together and have a
dynamically updating routing table
based on which they make
decisions on routing the data
packets. Router divide broadcast
domains of hosts connected
through it. -- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 REPEATER
Repeaters are network devices operating
at physical layer of the OSI model that
amplify or regenerate an incoming signal
before retransmitting it. They are
incorporated in networks to expand its
coverage area. They are also known as
signal boosters.

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 NETWORK CABLING OPTIONS
Three types of cabling techniques are as follows:-

• Coaxial cables

• Twisted pair cables

• Fiber optic cables

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 COAXIAL CABLES
1. Consists of two conductors that share the same axis

2. Has a core made of solid copper surrounded by

insulation, a braided metal shielding, and an outer cover

3. Typically has a bandwidth capacity of 10-MBPS is

vulnerable to electromagnetic interference
COAXIAL CABLES

Outer Sleeve
Metal Shielding
Braid

Plastic
Insulation
Conductor
Core
 COAXIAL CABLES
Some of the categories of coaxial cable are as follows:-

• RG-8 50 OHM Thick Ethernet

• RG-58 50 OHM Thin Ethernet
• RG-59 75 OHM Cable TV
• RG-62 93 OHM ARCNET

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 COAXIAL CABLES

THINNET THICKNET

There are two types of coaxial cable:-

• THIN-(10BASE2)

• THICK-(10BASE5)
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 TWISTED PAIR
1. Consists of two insulated strands of copper wire twisted
around each other

2. Set of twisted pair cables are grouped together and

enclosed in a protective sheath to form a cable

3. There are two kinds of twisted pair cables:-

(a) Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
(b) Shielded twisted-pair (STP)
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
1. Consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around each
other

2. Maximum cable length per segment is about 100 meters

3. Supports a bandwidth of 1 to 155-Mbps

4. Typically it has a bandwidth capacity of 10-Mbps

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR

CATEGORY TRANSMISSION SPEED OF TRANSMISSION

1 VOICE UP TO 1-MBPS
2 VOICE UP TO 4-MBPS
3 DATA UP TO 16-MBPS
4 DATA UP TO 20-MBPS
5 DATA UP TO 100-MBPS

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 USES OF UTP CABLES
TYPE USE

Category 1 Voice Only (Telephone Wire)

Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps (Local Talk)

Category 3 Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)

Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps Token
Category 4
Ring)
Category 5 Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 UTP CABLE COLOR CODES
WIRE PAIR UNIVERSAL COLOR
NUMBER NUMBER CODE
1 1 5 white/blue
2 1 4 blue
3 2 1 white/orange
4 2 2 orange
5 3 3 white/green
6 3 6 green
7 4 7 white/brown
8 4 8 brown
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 SHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR (STP)

1. Wires twisted together to prevent crosstalk

2. Contains an additional metallic shielding around cable

3. Assists in minimizing outside interference

4. Extra shielding raises cost of STP

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
1. Transmits light instead of
electrical pulses

2. Core of glass or plastic

fibers surrounded by cladding -
reflective insulation

3. Kevlar braiding provides

shielding and protection to the
cable
-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for
Computer Application INS Hamla
 FIBER-OPTIC CABLE

Fiber optic cable operates in 02 modes:-

1. Single-mode:- One single light frequency per fiber

2. Multi-mode:- Multiple light frequencies on a single

fiber

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE ADVANTAGES

1. Greater bandwidth and transmission speed capabilities

2. Takes up less space in cable pathways

3. Immune to electrical disturbances

4. Can be run for longer distances

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla
THANK YOU

-- Copyright @ Naval Institute for

Computer Application INS Hamla