Recap

Opinion VS Truth
Philosophy is the search for truth
Opinion VS Truth
Opinion VS Truth

1.Logic: Simple apprehension, Judgement,

reasoning
• 2 kinds of reasoning : Deductive and
Inductive Reasoning
2.Syllogisms
3.Sophism, Fallacy, Opinion, and Truth
 Logic and critical thinking is centered in
the analysis and construction of arguments.
Act of the mind
 Simple Apprehension

The act of sensing and grasping the essences of

things or this we call the sense knowing that
leads to an idea or concept

What does it mean?

 Judgment

Expressing the nature of a thing by an act of

affirming or rejecting

What’s your stand?

 Reasoning

You give reasons from your judgment

Why?
2 kinds of reasoning composed of
syllogisms

Deductive
Inductive
 Deductive

Draws its conclusion from a broad concept

to specific assertion
All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is Mortal.
 Inductive

Observation
Some fruits are color red.
Apples are fruit.
Some apples are red.

Inductive reasoning proves only probable

support to the conclusion
Syllogisms

Categorical
Hypothetical
 Categorical

All dogs are animals.

Maria is a dog.
Maria is an animal.
 Hypothetical (Conditional)

If you choose to be neutral in the face of evil, then you

are condoning evil deeds.

If you are condoning evil deeds, then you are evil.

Therefore, If you choose to be neutral in the face of

evil, then you are evil.
 I hear a chainsaw.
I saw trees being cut.
They are__________________________
 Racism is bad.
He is a Racist.
________________
Attendance
Sophism,
Fallacy,
Opinion,
and Truth
Sophism is a type of argumentation where
the argument is seemingly strong by using
rhetoric and fallacies.
A fallacy is defined as an argument which
deceives us by appearing to be valid when
it is not

An error in reasoning (paralogism)

The Fallacies
 Argumentum Ad Hominem
(Against the person)

Uses personal attack rather than

addressing the main issue.
 Argumentum ad baculum
(Appeal to force)

Uses threat of force is given as a

justification for a conclusion
 Argumentum ad misericordiam
(Appeal to pity)

An appeal to use emotion to win an

argument by guilt tripping the
opponent
 Argumentum ad populum
(Appeal to the people)

The arguer takes advantage of the people’s

desire by making the audience believe
something because everyone else does
 Argumentum ad ignorantiam
(Appeal to pity)

Whatever has not been proved false

must be true, and vice versa.
 Hasty Generalization

Reaching to an inductive
generalization without sufficient
evidence.
 Red herring

Throwing unnecessary facts to an

argument that causes diversion from
the main topic
It shows us that not all opinions are equal
or deserving of respect because some
opinions are tested and consistent while
others aren’t
Breakout rooms
Breakout rooms