History and Development of

Genetics
Prepared by:
Jessa Baylon
Jhomer Clavero
Objectives
 To define what is Genetics.
 To describe the Continuity of Life of Genetics.
 To discuss Early and Recent discoveries in the field of Genetic.
Genetics
 Genetic is a branch of biology which deals with the factors
responsible for the similarities and differences of biological
organisms between generations.
 It is came from the Greek word “gen” which means to become or to
grow.
 The study of how genes and how traits are passed down from one
generation to the next. 
Continuity of Life of Genetics
 Reproduction is responsible for the continuity of life.
 Reproduction is the ability of an organism to create new individuals.
 Reproduction essential for the continuity of life it because it is a
biological process through which living organisms produce offspring’s
similar to them.
 Reproduction ensures the continuity of various species on the earth.
 In the absence of reproduction, the species will not be able to exist for a
long time and may soon get extinct.
 There are two modes of reproduction. These modes include sexual and
asexual.
 Fish reproduce asexually by the female reproduce asexually
trough gynogenesis, making their daughters identical clones of
themselves.
 Gynogenesis is a method for producing fish in which all the
genetic information originates from the female parent which
means from the egg.
 It is the process of embryonic development with solely the
maternal genome and without paternal genetic input, a
phenomenon similar to parthenogenesis.
 Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction in
which growth and development of embryos occur without
genetic information of sperm.
 Gynogenesis occurs in nature but can also be induced artificially.

Natural Gynogenesis Induced (Artificial) Gynogenesis

 This has been  It involves genetic inactivation

reported in some or destruction of DNA content
members of the of milt by exposing it to either
family Poecilidae, ultraviolet or gamma rays.
e.g. Poecilia  It also involves activation of
Formosa and eggs with this genetically
Cyprinidae e.g. inactivated milt.
Carassius auratus
gibelio.
How do fish reproduce sexually?
 Fish reproduce sexually that the female release eggs into the water and
they are immediately fertilized by sperm from the male. In the wild,
fish can easily reproduce when they sexually mature.
 Nearly all fish reproduced by sexual reproduction were the fusion of
sperm produced from testes and eggs produced from ovaries.
 Most species have separate female and male sexes, but there are also
many species that are Hermaphrodites, meaning that an individual has
both testes and ovaries.
 Fertilization is generally external, and most fish are oviparous.
 Discoveries in the field of Genetics
 In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, was performing
extensive experiments on inheritance and genetics of sweet pea
plants. He described the unit of heredity as a particle that does not
change and is passed on to offspring . He discovered also the
existence of genes and their transmission from generation to
generation and predicted that gametes would contain only one allele
of each gene instead of two.
 In 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered genetic linkage by
examining the sex-linked genes he had found which he provide his
first definitive evidence for the chromosome theory and he worked
with the fruit fly (Drosophila).
 Dr. H. J. Muller, he discovered that the exposure to X-rays and other
radioactive substances could change the genes in the gametes thus
producing mutants.
 Sir Francis Galton, he conducted studies about “eugenics”, a
specialized branch of genetics dealing with the safeguarding and
improving the human race through the study of human inheritance.
 Charles Darwin, he explained that reproductive cells contain
pangenes (genes) which were responsible for the blending of the
parent’s traits in the offspring.
 Dr. H.S. Muller, he discovered that exposure to x-rays and other
radioactive substances could change the genes in the gametes thus
producing mutants.
 Anton Von Leeuwenhoek, Dutch microscopist who was the first to
observe bacteria and protozoa. His researches on lower animals
refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observations
helped lay the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and
protozoology.
 C.H. Wolff is most famous for his 1759 doctoral dissertation,
Theoria Generationis, in which he described embryonic
development in both plants and animals as a process involving
layers of cells, thereby refuting the accepted theory of preformation,
the idea that organisms develop as a result of the unfolding of form
that is somehow present from the outset, as in a homunculus.
 Jean Baptist Lamark, pioneering French biologist who is best known
for his idea that acquired characters are inheritable, an idea known
as Lamarckism, which is controverted by modern genetics and
evolutionary theory.
Summary
 Genetic is a branch of biology which deals with the factors responsible
for the similarities and differences of biological organisms between
generations. It is came from the Greek word “gen” which means to
become or to grow.
 Reproduction is responsible for the continuity of life because
reproduction is the ability of an organism to create new individuals.
Reproduction essential for the continuity of life it because it is a
biological process through which living organisms produce offspring’s
similar to them. And because of the absence of reproduction, the
species will not be able to exist for a long time and may soon get
extinct.
 There are two modes of reproduction. These modes include
sexual and asexual. In Fish reproduce asexually by the female
reproduce asexually trough gynogenesis, making their
daughters identical clones of themselves. Which gynogenesis is
the process of embryonic development with solely the maternal
genome and without paternal genetic input.
 Fish reproduce sexually that the female release eggs into the
water and they are immediately fertilized by sperm from the
male. In the wild, fish can easily reproduce when they sexually
mature. Fertilization is generally external, and most fish are
oviparous.
 There are eight pioneers who discovered in the field and study the
Genetics,. First, Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics who
experimented on the garden pea. Second, Thomas Hunt Morgan who
discovered the principle of mutation in his study of the fruit fly
(Drosophila).Third, Dr. H. J. Muller, he discovered that the exposure to
X-rays and other radioactive substances could change the genes in the
gametes thus producing mutants.
 Fourth, Sir Francis Galton, he conducted studies about “eugenics”, a
specialized branch of genetics dealing with the safeguarding and
improving the human race through the study of human inheritance.
Fifth, Charles Darwin, he explained that reproductive cells contain
pangenes (genes) which were responsible for the blending of the
parent’s traits in the offspring. Sixth, C.H. Wolff who developed the
concept about chick embryo and lastly, Jean Baptist Lamark, who work
on the significance of the use and dis- use and the inheritance of
acquired characters.
References
 R.A. Dunham 2011. Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic
Approaches, 2nd Edition (R.A. Dunham)
 Gynogenesis- an overview/ ScienceDirect Topics www.sciencedirect.com
 Parthenogenesis – Wikipedia en.m.Wikipedia.org