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Name: __________________________

[ Class: ______________ Date: _____________

Heredity and Molecular Genetics

[ (f) CONNECT IT!
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[ Complete the concept map below using keywords learnt in the chapter. Discuss with your
classmates how the concept map can be extended.
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Deoxyribose ::::,

[ sugars
a.
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0

consist Phosphate

[ of groups

made up
of Nitrogenous

[ and e n v i r o n m e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
(A, T, C, G)

r different
forms of the Genes sequences ~G=====::.I
fouinnd -,.-

part of
same gene
of
that code for
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characteristics in humans may be
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r may be Genotype affects -------'>~'-I-=---=---=---=--=--=--=-=-, i
Autosome
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Sex
lead
to e.g. in pea plants chromosome
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[ I 1,---L-i-~~~i- can cause ~

expressed in
homozygous(TT) ~nx~~~sed I II'-___ ~
tt or TT T_t_ _
and homozygous(tt)
heterozygous(Tt) condition
f conditions
types
Gene mutation
Variation selection
e.g
may use
Hb gene mutation
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alleles
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causes
t
$ involves
e.g. e.g.
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using restriction

[ additive
Tall or dwarf Human AB i enzymes to cut
pea plants blood groups required DNA from
effect Trisomy (_ _ copies) the organism and
of many of chromosome 21 inserting it into
genes I a plasmid using
[ causes DNA ligase
caused by a few genes
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[ ~-------p~u~s~
~

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© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Worksheet 16

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 7
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7
~TEST IT! _J

I Section A: lt'1ffil@@d@(iJ•1!t411M&J J
Choose the correct answer, and write its letter in the brackets provided.
----.
1. Phenotype is determined by _ _ _ _ _ __ J
A environmental factors only
B
C
D
genotype and environmental factors
genotype only
mutation only
J
For questions 2 and 3, refer to the following diagram showing the family tree of a family with
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phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is a disease that is expressed in homozygous recessive individuals.
PKU patients are not able to break down an am ino acid called phenylalanine.
-- J
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Key
0
D
normal female
normal male
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p Q PKU female

~
Generation I
□ PKU male

Generation II
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Generation Ill J
2. Which of the following best describes the genotype of individuals in the family tree?
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A
B
P and Q are homozygous dominant.
P and Q are heterozygous.
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C R and S are homozygous dominant. 7
D R is homozygous dominant, and S is heterozygous.
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3. What is the chance that Twill be normal? 7

A 25%
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B 50%
C 75%
D 100%

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© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

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: ( 4. The Rhesus blood group system is a human blood group system. It is the most clinically
important blood group system after ABO . In humans, the allele for the Rhesus-positive trait (H) is
dominant to the allele for the Rhesus-negative trait (h). If a homozygous Rhesus-positive woman
and a homozygous Rhesus-negative man have children, what is the probability of their first child
being Rhesus-positive?
A 0%
r B 25%
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C 75%
D 100%

5. The human ABO blood group is determined by one gene with three different alleles. A father with
blood group O and a mother with blood group AB have a child. How many ABO blood group genotypes
and phenotypes are possible in the child?
A 2 genotypes and 1 phenotypes
B 2 genotypes and 2 phenotypes
C 3 genotypes and 3 phenotypes
D 4 genotypes and 4 phenotypes

6. A child has blood group AB. Her father's blood group is B. Which blood group(s) can her mother
have?
[ A 0
B A or AB

[ C
D
B
B or 0

7. The nucleus of the human female gamete contains _ _ _ _ _ __

A 22 chromosomes and one X chromosome
B 22 chromosomes and one X or Y chromosome
[ C 23 chromosomes and one X chromosome
I D 23 chromosomes and one X or Y chromosome

:r
I• 8. Sickle-cell anaemia is an example of a _ _ _ _ _ __
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A bacterial infection
:I r B chromosomal mutation
C dietary deficiency disease
I D gene mutation
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© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
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9. The graphs below show the distributions, within a human population, for height and for earlobe type.
7
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Percentage of Percentage of
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population population

-
7
- .......J

71
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1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Free Attached

Height/m earlobe earlobe

Which type of variation does each characteristic exhibit?

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7'

A
Height

Continuous
Type of earlobe

Continuous
--
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B Continuous Discontinuous J
C Discontinuous Continuous

D Discontinuous Discontinuous J
.....,
10. Which of the following two characteristics are examples of continuous variation? _J
A Ability to roll tongue and height
B Blood type and ability to roll tongue 71
C Gender and weight ..J
D Length of feet and weight
.....,

11. Which of the following describes natural selection? J

A A process by which careful selection of parents are made to produce a new generation with
desirable characteristics.
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B A process by which human beings selectively breed animals for a purpose.
C A process by which individuals possessing advantageous characteristics survive, breed and -,

pass on their characteristics to the next generation.

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D A process by which there is a rapid change in the gene pool such that new,
desirable characteristics are observed. ,....,,
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,...., I

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156 Worksheet 16 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

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 12. Farmers have noticed that, over the years, the amount of pesticide required to act against
caterpillars increases. The best explanation for this observation is that _ _ _ _ _ __
A most of the caterpillars become more resistant due to repeated exposure to the pesticide
B most of the caterpillars mutate at every generation and become resistant
C some of the caterpillars that are already resistant survive, and are able to reproduce and
r pass this resistance trait to the next generation
D the allele that gives rise to resistance become dominant over the years due
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to selection pressure
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I L 13. The following diagram shows part of a DNA molecule .
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x---+-
i[ v----+--
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: [
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:[

Identify X, Y and Z.

X y z
A Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogenous base Phosphate group

B Nitrogenous base Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group

C Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogenous base

D Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Deoxyribose sugar

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14. Which of the following correctly lists all the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

,l A Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

B Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
C Alanine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
!( D Alanine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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I r © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Worksheet 16
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71
ISection B: ~i iM&J JI
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Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
7
1. The sex of a person is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes present. J
Female cells have two X chromosomes, while male cells have one X and one Y chromosome.
{a) State whether the male or the female gamete determines the sex of a child. Explain
your answer.
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{b) In the space below, draw a genetic diagram to show that there is an equal chance that a baby
can be a boy or a girl.

J
7

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{c) The following diagram shows all the chromosomes (the karyotype) of a person .

7·
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd ~ I

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(i) Identify the sex of the person from which the chromosomes were taken. Explain your
answer.

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I, (ii) Suggest, with a reason, what condition will be present in this person.
I
I

i[
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I r 2. Sickle-cell anaemia is a condition in which red blood cells contain abnormal haemoglobin. People
:l who inherit two sickle-cell alleles, are seriously anaemic and usually die young. Those who are
I heterozygous are only mildly affected.

: [ (a) State the process that brought about the sickle-cell gene.
I
I
I
I,
I (b) Suggest, with a reason, whether the allele that gives rise to sickle-cell anaemia is dominant
I r or recessive.
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[
'

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I (c) The diagram below shows a family tree with some members of a family being affected by
sickle-cell anaemia.
:f Key
I,
I 0 normal female
I
I
D normal male
I Q affected female
I
I r D affected male
I
I,
I
Ir
II
IL ?
I 7 3 4 5 6

lr Ill 0 ?
0
I 8
I,
I
IL
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© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Worksheet 16
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_L- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Using 'N' to represent the normal allele, and 'n' to represent the sickle-cell allele,
(i) State the genotype(s) of persons 1 and 2. Explain your answer.

(ii) Predict all possible genotypes and phenotypes of person 8, using genetic diagrams.

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(iii) Person 4 often complains of becoming tired easily. He had his blood tested. What is the I
probability that he has sickle-cell anaemia? Use a genetic diagram to show this.
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(d) People with sickle-cell anaemia are less affected by malaria. Explain why, in regions where
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malaria is prevalent, there are many people with the sickle-cell allele.

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(e) Explain why a person with two sickle-cell alleles will usually die young.

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[ 3. A scientist analysed a double stranded DNA sample, and found that 15% of its nitrogenous
bases were adenine. Calculate the percentage of the other nitrogenous bases in the DNA
sample. Explain your answer.
[
[
r
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[ © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

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 J
4. The inheritance of a particular trait is shown below.

Key
J
0 female without the trait
J
□
male without the trait
7
Generation I
0 female with the trait
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□
male with the trait
1 2

Generation II
?
4 5

Generation Ill 0 ?
8
7

(a) Explain, using the information provided in the diagram above, the genotypes of those
expressing the trait.

.....J

(b) Predict and explain what is the probability that person 8 will be heterozygous. .....J

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7 '

7
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Worksheet 16 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
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 [ ISection C: •it§§;lJ14-hi1J•J!tJ1iMl?J
Answer the following questions.

[ 1. · The inheritance of ABO blood groups is controlled by three alleles, IA, 18 and 1°. Both IA and 18 are
dominant to the allele 1°.
r (a) Explain what is meant by an allele.
L

[ (b) State all the possible genotypes for each blood group.

[ (c) A father with blood group A, and a mother with blood group B had children of blood groups
A and 0. Using full genetic diagrams, show all the possible ABO blood group phenotypes
for the children of these parents.
[

[
[
[ © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

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__,..... ____________________________________________
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2. (a) Distinguish between 7

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(i) a gene and an allele; and

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(ii) genotype and phenotype.
7
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(b) Draw a genetic diagram to show the inheritance of height in pea plants when two heterozygous ,....,
tall pea plants cross. The tall allele is the dominant allele.

--,
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7
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,....,

,....,
© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
 3. (a) Distinguish between the processes of
l
(i) continuous variation and discontinuous variation; and

r (ii) natural selection and artificial selection.

r
L

[ (b) Discuss the possible causes of mutation, and give an example where a mutation is
advantageous to an organism.

[
[

r
, l
© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Worksheet 16

__,_ _______________________________________________
 . ..,

'--'

4. (a) Using your knowledge of genetic engineering, describe how a scientist can transfer a gene, 7
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that gives rise to the production of a toxin that kills insects, into bacteria and eventually
collect the toxin from the bacteria. .....,
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(b) People have opposed the use of genetic engineering as described above to improve crop '
yield. Give three biologically valid reasons that can be used as arguments against this type J
of genetic engineering.
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7
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Worksheet 16 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd