HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - V

ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE: Introduction – Islamic Architecture – HOA V– By:
Ar. Waqar Abid A Z
 Stone hendge
Stonehenge, Pyramids, temples, shrines, Classical orders, temples, Roman orders, concrete, Used remains of roman, Brick, domed roof,
Thatches, mud Sun-baked mud blocks Parthenon Vaults, domes, pantheon Church of Nativity Elaborate mosaics Dome , arches, minarets
Geometrical shapes, marbles,
Pre- History Egypt Greek Roman Early- Byzantine ISLAMIC
Christian
ARCHITECTURE

Romanesque Gothic Renaissance Revival Pre- Post- Renaissance

modernism Modernism

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AR. WAQAR ABID
 INTRODUCTION – ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE- HOA V 3
BIRTH OF ISLAM AR. WAQAR ABID
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SPREAD OF ISLAM AR. WAQAR ABID
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ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE AR. WAQAR ABID
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AR. WAQAR ABID
 Pinnacle

Projections

Dome

Openings

Cube (Base)

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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AR. WAQAR ABID
Dome Pendentive Squinch/ Muqarnas
• Dome is symbolic • A small arch on the inside corner of the square base to
representation of the vault of • A pendentive is a constructive device
connect the dome to the base and transfer its load to the
heaven in Islam. permitting the placing of a corners.
• Hemispherical structure circular dome over a square room or an
evolved from the arch, usually elliptical dome over a rectangular room INTRODUCTION – ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE- HOA V 8
ARCHITECTURAL
forming a ceiling or roof. CHARACTERISTICS AR. WAQAR ABID
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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AR. WAQAR ABID
 The first use of arches in
Islamic architecture
included rounded arches
similar to those found in
Roman and Byzantine
architecture, but these
quickly developed into the
horseshoe arch. In the
horseshoe arch, the half-
circle of the arch starts to
turn in on itself before
meeting the top of its
supporting columns.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Pointed arch originated in
Islamic architecture. The
The use of the transverse pointed arch had a major
arch, in which the arch architectural advantage in
structurally spans the that it centred the load-
space between a pillar and bearing thrust of the
the wall instead of another building on a vertical
pillar, allowed architects to point, so that more of the
use slimmer pillars instead building's weight could be
of thick columns in supported on the exterior,
arcades. usually with the use of
buttresses, instead of with
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walls and interior V 10
HOAcolumns.
AR. WAQAR ABID
 Arabesque/ calligraphy
• Arabic calligraphy and also the geometric patterns
called arabesques developed as a means of decorating
the walls of mosques.
• The uniform repetition of patterns
in arabesques symbolizes aspects of the Islamic
worldview and spirituality, such as limitlessness, order
and unity.
• An ornament or style that employs flower, foliage, or
fruit and sometimes animal and figural outlines to
produce an intricate pattern of interlaced lines
• Arabesque symbolizes the unity of belief and the
perception of the traditional Islamic culture. For many
Muslims, arabesque reflects the absolute power of
Allah (the one God)

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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AR. WAQAR ABID
AN ICONIC ORNAMENT

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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AR. WAQAR ABID
 Sanctuary- holy Minarets
A dome over a square base reflected place From the top of this
the geometric symbolism of those tower the prayer call is
shapes. The circle represented sounded
Pishtaq
perfection, eternity, and the heavens.
rectangular frame
The square represented the earth.
around an arched Courtyard/ sahn
opening courtyard is used for performing
ablutions
Mihrab Arcade
The prayer niche is the focal covered walkway around
point in the interior of a mosque. the sahn

It is located in the Qibla wall

which is oriented toward Mecca, Mihrab
the holy city of Islam. Muslims
face the qibla wall during prayer.

Minbar (inside)
where the imam (prayer leader)
stands to deliver sermons Liwan/ cloister

West direction in India

Ablution tank (wudu)

Each mosque has an area with water
Main or east entrance
accessibility where obligatory ritual washing
takes place before prayers

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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AR. WAQAR ABID
 Mohammed Bin Qasim attacked in 712 AD and captures Sindh province which became the part of Umayyad
Khilafat

Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India 17 times during 1000 to 1027 AD.

Mohammed Ghori invaded India and laid foundation of Muslim Rule.

1191 – 1st Battle of Tarain – Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori.

1192 – 2nd Battle of Tarain – Mohammed Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan.

Led to the fall of The Kingdom of Delhi, which laid the foundations for “The Delhi Sultanate”

Qutub-ud-din- Aibak was appointed as the governor by Mohammed Ghori.

In 1206 AD, Qutub-ud-din-Aibak founded Slave Dynasty.

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CENTURY – INDIA - Invasions AR. WAQAR ABID
 Slave Dynasty Sayyid & Lodi Dynasty

Slave Dynasty – 1206 – 1290 - 84 years • 320 years of The Delhi

Sultanate.
• After the death of Mohammed
Khilji Dynasty – 1290 – 1320 – 30 years
Ghori.
• 1526 AD Babur defeated
Tughlaq Dynasty – 1320 – 1414 – 94 years Ibrahim Lodhi in the 1st Battle
of Panipat and laid the
foundations of the Mughal
Sayyid Dynasty – 1414 – 1451 – 37 years Empire.

Lodhi Dynasty – 1451 – 1526 -75 years

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