ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

THIRD STAGE

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION:

THEORY & PRACTICE

LECTURER
Manar Nazar Ahmed
Manar.nazar@cihanuniversity.edu.iq
2020-2021
 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Third STAGE

Values and Criteria of Islamic

Urbanism

Forth lecture :

Factional evolution of Islamic art and

architecture
Reference:

،‫ الطبعة األولى‬،‫ دار المتنبي‬،‫تطور العمارة العربية‬

ُّ ‫ اإلسالم وفئوية‬،‫ حيّان‬،‫صيداوي‬
.1992 ،‫باريس‬-‫بيروت‬

LECTURER
Manar Nazar Ahmed
Manar.nazar@koyauniversity.org
2020-2021
Stage of evolution: the emergence of the
mosque
Prophet's Mosque

Prophet's Mosque
The starting point in the history of the
Arab Islamic architecture in the House of
the Prophet (peace be upon him) in
Medina after his emigration to it and then
adding to it, after it turned into a mosque,
the additions and modifications, and the
stages of evolution until the end to its final
form in the days of Uthman and in the year
26 H (646A.C)and who became a role
model for Muslims in the construction of
mosques across the Muslim world,
It is worth noting that the House of the Prophet had
planned in the first stage in a large economy and
very simply agree with the conditions that were
surrounding the Muslims at the time, was planned at
the hands of the Prophet and the Muslims of Arab
immigrants and supporters
Two-bedroom House started from the walls of mud,
clay and before them courtyard surrounded by walls
constructed with (adobe), and go up to a little more
than a taller man. Then the number of rooms
increased to four and then to nine. Make in the
northwest corner of the courtyard a small
canopy(zla) where prayer is performed if it is
premature. Add the Prophet other canopy largest
southern wall the whole length of the yard and that's
when I got the verse matter of direction to Kaabla at
prayer, later Othman bin Affan after nearly twenty
years adding the three other Zlat became courtyard
surrounded by four Zlat, characterized by those in
the wall of Alqibla depth is greater than the rest of
the Alzilat.
 It is worth mentioning the
Arab-Muslim era, the
establishment of a number of
cities, such as Kufa, Basra
and Fustat, Kairouan and
Wasit. However, the planning
did not follow a geometric
system, but was on the camps
that resulted from that system
Arabs were flashy site next to
him the importance of war as
a castle or fortified city, and
after seizing it were replacing
tents, building, and we'll see
is that in the Abbasid era.

‫المخطط األفقي لمسجد الكوفة‬

Architecture and Art in the Umayyad era:
Al-Aqsa Mosque:
Al-Aqsa Mosque is one of the most monuments sanctity of the Muslims, where the first Qiblah
in Islam. Al-Aqsa mosque is located inside the Old City of Jerusalem in Palestine. It is the name
of all that revolved around the fence, located in the far south astern corner of the old walled city,
is all of the Dome of the Rock mosque and the whole clan of Al-Aqsa Mosque famous
landmarks. TheAqsa mosque measurements: 281 m from the south and north 310 m and 462 m
east and to the west of 491 m. The sixth this space the old town area, and these limits . have not
changed since the first time put the mosque as a place of prayer other than the Grand Mosque
and the Prophet's Mosque which has been expanded several times.
Architecture and Art in the Umayyad era:
Al-Aqsa Mosque / Al-Qibaly Mosque
Al-Aqsa Mosque is the first Qiblah and the second mosque built in the ground, text talk, and
Muslims believe that the most likely is the first built by Adam, charted its borders after forty
years of docking the Sacred House rules, by order of God. And the migration of Abraham
came from Iraq to the land around the year 1800 BC. Then, the lifting of Sacred House
rules, and after Isahac and Jacob, the Al Aqsa Mosque. As reconstructed by Solyman around the
year 1000 BC.
With the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in 636 AD (15 AH, corresponding to), Omar bin al-
Khattab built qibaly chapel, part of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. During the reign of the Umayyad
dynasty (Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan), the Dome of the Rock was built, and rebuilt the
qibaly chapel, and this construction took nearly 30 years from 66 AH / 96 -685 AD AH / 715
AD, to be completed after the Al-Aqsa Mosque in its current form,
 ‫قبل التوسعة‬ ‫بعد التوسعة‬

Horizontal striped and perspective of the Al-Qibaly mosque within the Al-
Aqsa Mosque.
Obviously the whole qibaly mosque influenced design scheme at the beginning of the
church Albacelika in the era of the dawn of Christianity, and then was overcome by
adding a number of corridors (6 from each side) as required by the qibla wall of the
expansion to accommodate larger numbers of worshipers especially within the first
rows.
There has not been a need for a courtyard to the presence of the mosque within the
confines of Wall Al-Aqsa Mosque, where the surrounding squares within the fence as a
court.
 Architecture and Art in the Umayyad era:
Al-Aqsa Mosque / Dome of the Rock

Dome of the Rock: Built during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik
ibn Marwan, an appraiser with the golden dome of the building, its location for
the Al-Aqsa Mosque as a whole heart of the human body which it is located in
the middle to the left a little. This dome is considered the dome of the mosque
as a whole, one of the oldest and greatest features distinctive Islamic. Named
after the rock that is located inside the building and that which the Prophet
ascended to heaven on the most correct because the rock is the highest spot in
the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Dome of the Rock is currently the Chapel of women
in the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Rock is outstanding as people generally believed,
but underneath there is a small cave.
The horizontal planned influenced dome design Churches era and the dawn of
the Christian Byzantine centrally planned. However, the highlight of the
Islamic art in the Dome of the Rock is a plant decoration and invented the use
of Arabic calligraphy in writing verses(ayyat Quran) to decorate the walls
Architecture and Art in the Umayyad era:
The Great Mosque( Umayyad Mosque) /Damascus
 Arab Mosques
 Three mosques will be discussed here, and the three were built or
 expanded greatly by the same Caliph, Al-Walid I 96/715.
• The three mosques are, the great mosques at Madina, Jerusalem and
 Damascus.
 • The Umayyad state was surrounded by Roman and Byzantine
architecture, which affected theirs too.
 • The Umayyad mosques witnessed a development in terms of quality of
columns, arches, the fancy mosaic decoration, details and the increase in
budget spent on these buildings.
 • These mosques were declaration of power, symbol of competition and
victory.
Arab Mosques (Abbasid)

Ibn-Tulun Mosque, Cairo

Arab Mosques (Maghrebi)

The majority, if not all, of the mosques built in Maghreb are Arab
mosques.
• These mosques were affected by the architecture of Damascus.
• The impact of transept on the interior became stronger than
exterior.
• They also used the domes in ribbed or fluted fashion and
new types of arches, especially in Spain.
• They altered the size of the courtyard for other functional
advantages.
• The gabled roof is more emphasized.
Arab Mosques (Maghrebi)

The Great Mosque, Cordoba