ENERGIZER ACTIVITY:

Question and Answer Portion

 1. Which do you think
will give the correct
measurement and
vs explain why?

2. How do you say that

the measurement is
correct?

vs 3.Do you believe that

engineers get the
correct measurement?
OBJECTIVES:
• Differentiate accuracy from precision.
• Differentiate random errors from systematic
errors.
• Estimate errors from multiple measurements
of a physical quantity using variance.
Measurement along with
experimentation is fundamental to
Physics. It is primary skill for all
scientists to conduct experiments or
form theories.
• In reporting measurement values, one
often performs several trials and
calculates the average have a range of
values due to several possible sources.
• The process of evaluating the
uncertainty associated with
measurement result is often called
uncertainty analysis or error analysis,
Properly reporting an experimental result
along with its uncertainty allows other
people to make judgments about the quality
of the experiment, and its facilitates
meaningful comparisons with other similar
values or a theoretical prediction.
Length of a Picture Frame = 8.23 in ± 0.05 in

8.18 in ≤ True Value ≤ 8.28 in

Weight of a Ring = 3.19 g ± 0.1 g
3.09 g ≤ True Value ≤ 3.29 g

Rounding Down

3.19 g  3.00 g
Accuracy - is the closeness of agreement between
value and a true accepted value. Measurement error
is the amount of inaccuracy.

Precision - is a measure of how well a result can be

determined. It is the degree of consistency and
agreement among independent measurements of
the same quantity; also the reliability or
reproducibility of the result.
Accuracy and Precision
ACTUAL RESULTING MEASUREMENTS REMARKS
MEASUREMENT

1. 25.74 g High Accuracy and

25.69, 25.71, 25.76, and 25.80
High Precision
2. 3.75 in Low Accuracy and
4.52, 4.57, 4.55, 4.51, and 4.56 High Precision

3. 7.88 m Low Accuracy and

6.23, 6.85, 5.11, and 7.99 Low Precision

4. 10.34 L Low Accuracy and

13.24, 13.35, 13.42, and 13.74
High Precision
5. 6.72 mg High Accuracy and
5.29, 5.47, 5.55, 7.29, and 7.45 Low Precision
Exact Numbers - those whose values are known
exactly.
Examples: 1 dozen = 12
1 000 m = 1 km
1 fortnight = 2 weeks

Inexact Numbers - those whose values have some

uncertainty.

Significant Figures - these include all certain

digits plus the first uncertain digit.
 Addition and Subtraction
of Significant Figure
Remember :

The result should have the same

number of decimal places as the
measurement with the least number of
decimal places.
 Addition and Subtraction of Significant Figure
Illustrative Example 1:
8.2 + 23.035
Solution:

8.2
+ 2 3.0 3 5
 Addition and Subtraction of Significant Figure
Illustrative Example 2:
13 + 7.6 + 11.564
Solution:

13
7.6
+ 1 1.5 6 4
 Addition and Subtraction of Significant Figure
Illustrative Example 3:
30 000 + 1 000.0 + 23.10
Solution:

30 000
1 000.0
+ 23.10
 Addition and Subtraction of Significant Figure
Illustrative Example 4:
15.23 - 3.00

Solution:

15.23
- 3.00
 Addition and Subtraction of Significant Figure
Illustrative Example 5:
23 000 - 42.100

Solution:

23 000
- 42.100
 Multiplication and Division
of Significant Figure
Remember :

The result should have the same

number of significant figures as the
measurement with the least number of
significant figures.
 Multiplication and Division of Significant Figure
Illustrative Example 6:
(2.35) (5.2)

Solution:

2.3 5
x 5.2
 Multiplication and Division of Significant Figure
Illustrative Example 7:
If the length of a keyboard is 18.43 in and its width is 10 in.
Find the area.

Solution:

18.43
x 10
 Multiplication and Division of Significant Figure
Illustrative Example 8:
32.6 2.5
Solution:

2.5 /
MEASUREMENT ERROR

An error or fault can be

described as the disparity
between the calculated worth
and the exact worth. For
instance, if the two machinists
use a similar instrument , it is
not required that they may
acquire the related outcomes.
TYPES OF ERRORS IN
MEASUREMENT
1. Systematic Errors
These types of systematic errors are generally
categorized into three types which are explained
below in detail.

Observational Errors 
The observational errors may occur due to the
fault study of the instrument reading, and the
sources of these errors are many. For
instance, the indicator of a voltmeter retunes
a little over the surface of the scale. 
Environmental Errors 
Environmental errors will happen due to the outside situation
of the measuring instruments. These types of errors mostly
happen due to the temperature result, force, moisture, dirt,
vibration otherwise because of the electrostatic field or
magnetic. 

Instrumental Errors 
Instrumental errors will happen due to
inherent limitation of devices, abuse of
apparatus, and effect of loading.
2. Gross Errors
Gross errors can be defined as physical errors in
analysis apparatus or calculating and recording
measurement outcomes. In general, these type of
errors will happen throughout the experiments,
wherever the researcher might study or record a
worth different from the real one, possibly due to a
reduced view.
3. Random Errors
This type of error is constantly there in a measurement,
which is occurred by essentially random oscillations in
the apparatus measurement analysis or in the
experimenter’s understanding of the apparatus
reading. These types of errors show up as dissimilar
outcomes for apparently the similar frequent
measurement, which can be expected by contrasting
numerous measurements, with condensed by
averaging numerous measurements.