Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Particulate Matters
Bibhuti Bhusan Mandal, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
PARTICULATE MATTER
organisms.
Particles smaller than about 0.001 μm start to act like gases, and thus are not treated as
particulate matter.
Particulate is often used in lieu of the full term “particulate matter” (PM).
PARTICULATE MATTER
Pb particles that have settled out of the air onto eating surfaces can be absorbed
through the gastrointestinal tract to cause systemic poisoning.
*An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic.
Examples of natural aerosols are fog, dust, forest exudates and geyser steam. Examples of anthropogenic aerosols are haze, particulate air
pollutants and smoke.
Q. What is an aerosol ? Give examples of natural and anthropogenic aerosols.
Particle Deposition Mechanisms
While the gas responds very readily to abrupt changes in direction, the particle tends
to resist this change in direction and deviate from the air stream. This may cause the
particle to impact on the surface, stick there, and be removed from the aerosol.
Impaction is directly proportional to the density of the particle, the square of its
diameter, and the velocity of the moving aerosol. It is most effective for large and
dense particles in high velocity air.
interception.
In this case, the particle follows the air stream fairly well (because it is small, of low
density, or in a more slowly moving air stream), but still contacts the surface of the
filter or lung. It sticks, and has effectively been removed from the aerosol.
Sedimentation (Settling) —All particles are acted upon by gravity and tend to move
toward the center of the earth. If the particle settles onto a surface, it may stick and be
removed from the aerosol.
In a vacuum, the particle would accelerate continuously until it reached the surface,
independent of its mass or shape.
In the real world, particle movement is resisted by aerodynamic drag created by the
particle moving downward through the gaseous phase, and convection upward within
the gaseous phase. In a still environment, where drag is the primary force resisting
sedimentation, the terminal rate of settling (V t) for most particles can be estimated by
Equation *, which combines Newton’s Second Law of gravitational acceleration with
Stokes’ Law pertaining to drag forces of particles moving in a viscous medium.
Particle Deposition Mechanisms
Diffusion (Brownian movement) -Very small particles do not see the gas in which they
are suspended as a continuum.
Instead, they react to individual atoms of the gas or uneven impact by groups of air
molecules over time. As a result the particles wander around in a seemingly random
path, an effect termed Brownian motion (or movement).
Many people have seen this happen to small bacteria in liquid suspension through a
microscope. As the particles flow with the air, they tend to wander from the airflow lines,
and may bump into a collection surface and be removed from the aerosol.
Summarily, impaction becomes of increasing importance as both particle size and air
flow rate goes up, gravitational settling predominates for larger particles at low flow
rates, and diffusion is the only active mechanism for particles less than 0.1 μm,