Certificate examination in English

2021-2022

HISTORY
OF
MEDICINE

Dinu Florina Nereia

Grade 12 C
- Chapter 1: Medicine in Antiquity;
- Chapter 2: Greek and Roman Medicine;
- Chapter 3: Islamic Middle Ages Medicine;
- Chapter 4: Medieval Europe Medicine;
- Chapter 5: The Renaissance to Early Modern.
- Chapter 6: the Century Medicine
Chapter⁹ 1: Medicine in Antiquity
-in Ancient Egypt, the treatment of illnesses was no longer carried
out only by magicians and medicine men. We have evidence that
people existed who were referred to physicians and doctors;
-the Babylonians introduced the practice of diagnosis, prognosis,
physical examination, and remedies.The symptoms and diseases
of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as
bandages, herbs and creams;
-India.The Ayurvedic classics mention eight branches of
medicine: internal medicine, surgery, including anatomy, eye, ear,
and nose, throat diseases, paediatrics, spirit medicine, toxicology,
science of rejuvenation, and aphrodisiacs, mainly for men.
Chapter1
-much of the philosophy of traditional Chinese
medicine derived from empirical observations of disease
and illness by Taoist physicians and reflects the
classical Chinese belief that individual human
experiences express causative principles effective in the
environment at all scales.
Chapter 2: Greek and Roman medicine
- another of Hippocrates's major contributions may be found in his
descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical
treatment and prognosis of thoracic emphysema, i.e. suppuration of
the lining of the chest cavity;
- other Alexandrian surgeons gave us: ligature (hemostasis),
lithotomy, hernia operations, ophthalmic surgery, plastic surgery,
methods of reduction of dislocations and fractures,tracheotomy, and
mandrake as aesthesia;
-the Romans invented numerous surgical instruments, including the
first instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of
forceps, scalpels, cautery, cross-bladed scissors, the surgical needle,
the sound, and specula.
Chapter 3: Islamic Middle Ages Medicine
-Ahmad ibn Abi al-Ash‟ath observed the physiology of the
stomach in a live lion in 959. This description preceded William
Beaumont by almost 900 years, making Ahmad ibn alAsh‟ath the
first person to initiate experimental events in gastric physiology;
-Medieval Islamic physicians used natural substances as a source
of medicinal drugs – including Papaver somniferum Linnaeus,
poppy, and Cannabis sativa Linnaeus, hemp. In preIslamic Arabia,
neither poppy nor hemp was known;
- Surgery.There were many different types of procedures
performed in ancient Islam, especially in the area of
ophthalmology.
Chapter 4: Medieval Europe Medicine
- although each of these theories has distinct roots in different
cultural and religious traditions, they were all intertwined in the
general understanding and practice of medicine;
-high medieval surgeons like Mondino de Liuzzi pioneered
anatomy in European universities and conducted systematic
human dissections. Unlike pagan Rome, high medieval Europe did
not have a complete ban on human dissection. However, Galenic
influence was still so prevalent that Mondino and his
contemporaries attempted to fit their human findings into Galenic
anatomy;
- Founding universities: Paris (1150), Bologna, (1158), Oxford
(1167), Montpelier (1181) and Padua (1222).
Chapter 5: The Renaissance to Early
Modern Period
- the 16 century: the
th

development of
modern neurology;
- the 18th century:medical
schools, courses of anatomy
and surgery;
- the 19th century: rise of
modern medicine;
-Pasteur with Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878) invented the process
of pasteurization still in use today.
Chapter 6: The century Medicine

- 1901: the ABO blood group system was discovered;

- 1948: The World Health Organization was founded;
- the eradication of Smallpox and later of polio;

- antiviral and antibacterial vaccines were obtained.

- cardiac surgery was
revolutionized;

- transplantations of
organs: heart, liver,
pancreas;

– laparoscopic surgery was broadly introduced in

the 1990s.
The 21st century will develop:

- Biomedical engineering
- Genetic engineering
- Tissue engineering
- Neural engineering
- Bionics
Thank you!