OPEN SYSTEM

INTERCONNECTION (OSI)
MODEL
International standard organization (ISO) established a committee
in 1977 to develop an architecture for computer communication.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is the result
of this effort.
In 1984, (OSI) reference model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture.
Term “open” denotes the ability to connect any two systems
which conform to the reference model and associated standards.
OSI MODEL

• OSI model is a reference tool f or understanding

data communication between any two networked system.
• It divides the communication processes into 7 layers.
• Each layer performs specific functions to support the
layers above it and uses services of the layers below it.
• Each layer represents a different level of abstraction and layers
boundaries are well defined.
PHYSICAL LAYER

• It coordinatesthe functio ns required to transmit a bit

stream over a physical medium.
• It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications
of interface and transmission medium.
• It definesthe procedures and functions that physical
devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to
occur.
FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL LAYER

• It definescharacteristics of t he interface between the

devices and the transmission medium.
• It defines the type of transmission medium and
transmission rate.
• It performs synchronization of sender and receiver clocks.
• It is concerned with physical topology.
• It transmits bit stream over the communication channel
UNITS USED IN PHYSICAL LAYER

• Hardware used: Repeater and Hub

• Data unit: Bit stream
DATA LINK LAYER

• It transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a

reliable link and is responsible for Node-to-Node delivery.
• It makes the physical layer appear error free to the upper layer
(i.e., network layer).
FUNCTIONS OF DATA LINK LAYER

• Framing
• Flow control
• Error control
• Access control
• Physical addressing
UNITS USED IN DATA LINK LAYER

• Hardware used: Bridges and Switches

• Data unit: Frames
• Protocol used: Simplex protocol, stop and wait protocol, sliding
window, HDLC, SDLC, NDP, ISDN, ARP, PSL, OSPF, NDP
NETWORK LAYER

• It is responsible for source to destination delivery of a packet

possibly across multiple networks (links).
• If the two systems are connected to the same link, there is
usually no need for a network layer.
• If the two systems are attached to different links with
connecting devices between networks, there is often a need of
the network layer to accomplish source to destination delivery.
FUNCTIONS OF NETWORK
LAYER
• Logical addressing
• Routing- ?
UNITS USED IN NETWORK LAYER

• Hardware used: Routers

• Data units: Packets
• Protocols used: IP(Internet Protocol), NAT(Network Address
Translation), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol), ICMP(Internet
Control Message Protocol), BGP(Border Gateway Protocol),
RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), DHCP(Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol), BOOTP, OSPF
TRANSPORT LAYER

• It is responsible for source to destination delivery of the entire

message.
• It ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order.
FUNCTIONS OF TRANSPORT LAYER

• Service point addressing

• Segmentation and reassembly
• Flow control
• Error control
• Connection control
UNITS USED IN TRANSPORT LAYER

• Hardware used: Transport gateway

• Data units: Segments
• Protocol used: Control Protocol) for
TCP(Transmission
connection orient ed approach and UDP(User Datagram
Protocol) for connectionless approach
SESSION LAYER

• It is the network dialog controller.

• It establishes, maintains and synchronizes t he
interaction between communicating systems.
• It plays an important role in keeping applications data separate.
FUNCTIONS OF SESSION LAYER

• Dialog control
• Synchronization
UNITS USED IN SESSION LAYER

• Data unit: Data

• Protocol used: ADSP, ASP, ISO- SP, L2TP, F2F, PAP, PPTP,
RPC, SMPP, SDP, ZIP, RTCP
PRESENTATION LAYER

• It is responsible for how an application formats data to be sent

out onto the network.
• It basically allows an application to read (to understand)
the message.
FUNCTIONS OF PRESENTATION LAYER

• Translation
• Encryption and decryption
• Compression
UNITS USED IN PRESENTATION LAYER

• Data unit: Data

• Protocol used: AFP, ASCII, EBCDIC, ICA, LPP, NCP, NDR, XDR,
X.25 PAP
APPLICATION LAYER

• It enables the user, whether human or software, to access the

network.
• It provides user interfaces and support for services such as
electronic mail, remote file access and transfer shared database
management and other types of distributed information
services.
FUNCTIONS OF APPLICATION LAYER

• Network virtual terminal

• File transfer, access and management
• Mail services
• Directory services
UNITS USED IN APPLICATION LAYER

• Hardware used: Application Gateway

• Protocol used: HTTP, SMTP, POP3, FTP, Telnet, etc.
• Data unit: Data
THANK YOU!!!