3 - Torsion - 1

Third Edition
MECHANICS OF
3
CHAPTER
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Torsion
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Contents
Introduction Statically Indeterminate Shafts

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts Sample Problem 3.4
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses Design of Transmission Shafts
Axial Shear Components Stress Concentrations
Shaft Deformations Plastic Deformations
Shearing Strain Elastoplastic Materials
Stresses in Elastic Range Residual Stresses
Normal Stresses Example 3.08/3.09
Torsional Failure Modes Torsion of Noncircular Members
Sample Problem 3.1 Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range Example 3.10
3-2
Editio
Third
3-3
Editio
Third
3-4
Editio
Third
Torsion
• The twisting or wrenching of a body by the

exertion of forces tending to turn one end or
part about a longitudinal axis while the other
is held fast or turned in the opposite direction
• torsion is the twisting of an object due to an
applied torque.
• Torsion is expressed in newton per squared
meter (Pa) or pound per squared inch (psi)
• Torque is expressed in newton meters (N·m)
or foot-pound force (ft·lbf).
3-5
Editio
Third
•Torsion describes a “twisting” effect, where

different parts of an object undergo different
angular displacements (referred to as the
“angle of twist”) about the rotational axis.
•To create torsion, a torque is necessary.
•Normal stress due to axial load causes axial
deformation
•Shear stress-transverse load-transverse
deformation
•Torsion- torque- angular deformation
3-6
Editio
Third
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

Shafts
May be
•Circular • Hollow
•Tapered • Solid
•rectangular
•Triangular
3-7
Editio
Third
3-8
Editio
Third
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
• Interested in stresses and strains of

circular shafts/thin walled tubes
subjected to twisting couples or
torques
• Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft
• Shaft transmits the torque to the

generator
• Generator creates an equal and opposite

torque T’
3-9
Editio
Third
Examples
Car engine
Lath machine
Pumps
Turbine
3 - 10
Editio
Third
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
T    dF     dA
• Although the net torque due to the shearing

stresses is known, the distribution of the
stresses is not
• Distribution of shearing stresses is statically
indeterminate – must consider shaft
deformations
• Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the
distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
loads can not be assumed uniform.
3 - 11
Editio
Third
Axial Shear Components
• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing

stresses on the faces perpendicular to the
axis.
• Conditions of equilibrium require the

existence of equal stresses on the faces of the
two planes containing the axis of the shaft
• The existence of the axial shear components is

demonstrated by considering a shaft made up
of axial slats.
The slats slide with respect to each other when

equal and opposite torques are applied to the
ends of the shaft.
3 - 12
Editio
Third
Shaft Deformations
• From observation, the angle of twist of the

shaft is proportional to the applied torque and
to the shaft length.
 T
L
• When subjected to torsion, every cross-section
of a circular shaft remains plane and
undistorted.
• Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular
shafts remain plain and undistorted because a
circular shaft is axisymmetric.
• Cross-sections of noncircular (non-
axisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.
3 - 13
Editio
Third
Shearing Strain
• Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a

torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.
• Since the ends of the element remain planar,

the shear strain is equal to angle of twist.
• It follows that

L   or  
L
• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

c 
 max  and    max
L c
3 - 14
Editio
Third
Stresses in Elastic Range

• Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,

G  G max
c
From Hooke’s Law,   G , so

  max
c
J  12  c 4
• Recall that the sum of the moments from

the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
 
T    dA  max   2 dA  max J
c c
• The results are known as the elastic torsion

J  12  c24  c14  formulas,
Tc T
 max  and  
J J
3 - 15
Editio
Third
Normal Stresses
• Consider an element at 45o to the shaft axis,

F  2 max A0 cos 45   max A0 2
F  max A0 2
     max
45o A A0 2
• Element a is in pure shear.

• Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the other
two.
• Note that all stresses for elements a and c have
the same magnitude
3 - 16
Editio
Third
Torsional Failure Modes
• Ductile materials generally fail in

shear. Brittle materials are weaker
in tension than shear.
• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
• When subjected to torsion, a brittle

specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft
axis.
3 - 17
Editio
Third
(a) Determine the maximum shearing stress caused by a 4.6-kN ? m

torque T in the 76-mm-diameter solid aluminum shaft shown.
(b) Solve part a, assuming that the solid shaft has been replaced by
a hollow shaft of the same outer diameter and of 24-mm inner
diameter.
3 - 18
Editio
Third
Sample Problem 3.1

SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB
and BC and perform static
equilibrium analysis to find
torque loadings
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to
find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer
diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, • Given allowable shearing stress
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid and applied torque, invert the
of diameter d. For the loading shown, elastic torsion formula to find the
determine (a) the minimum and maximum required diameter
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the
required diameter d of shafts AB and CD
if the allowable shearing stress in these
shafts is 65 MPa.
3 - 19
Editio
Third
Sample Problem 3.1

SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC
and perform static equilibrium analysis
to find torque loadings
 M x  0  6 kN  m   TAB  M x  0  6 kN  m   14 kN  m   TBC

TAB  6 kN  m  TCD TBC  20 kN  m
3 - 20
Editio
Third
Sample Problem 3.1

• Apply elastic torsion formulas to • Given allowable shearing stress and
find minimum and maximum applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
stress on shaft BC formula to find the required diameter
J
2

 4 4 
 
c2  c1  0.060 4  0.045 4
2
  max 
Tc

Tc
65MPa 
6 kN  m
J  c4  c3
2 2
 13.92 10 6 m 4
c  38.9  103 m
TBC c2 20 kN  m 0.060 m 
 max   2   d  2c  77.8 mm
J 13.92 10 6 m 4
 86.2 MPa
 min c1  min 45 mm
 
 max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm  max  86.2 MPa
 min  64.7 MPa  min  64.7 MPa
3 - 21
Editio
Third
Chapter-3
Assignment # 4
Solve Problem
3.3, 4, 11, 13, 17, 21, 25, Along
with relevant sample problems.
(7th edition) (copy attached with
box)
3 - 22

3 - Torsion - 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 - Torsion - 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Third Edition

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction Statically Indeterminate Shafts

• The twisting or wrenching of a body by the

•Torsion describes a “twisting” effect, where

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

• Interested in stresses and strains of

• Shaft transmits the torque to the

• Generator creates an equal and opposite

Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses

• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

• Although the net torque due to the shearing

Axial Shear Components

• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing

• Conditions of equilibrium require the

• The existence of the axial shear components is

The slats slide with respect to each other when

• From observation, the angle of twist of the

• Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a

• Since the ends of the element remain planar,

• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

Stresses in Elastic Range

• Recall that the sum of the moments from

• Consider an element at 45o to the shaft axis,

• Element a is in pure shear.

Torsional Failure Modes

• Ductile materials generally fail in

• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

• When subjected to torsion, a brittle

(a) Determine the maximum shearing stress caused by a 4.6-kN ? m

Sample Problem 3.1

Sample Problem 3.1

 M x  0  6 kN  m   TAB  M x  0  6 kN  m   14 kN  m   TBC

Sample Problem 3.1

You might also like