INDUSTRIALIZATION

BY
KHUSHBAKHT AHMED
Industrialization
Industrialization is a process of changing an
economy based on agriculture to one based
on the production of goods and the
provision of services.
History of Industrialization
Industrialization is said to have started in Britain in the late 1700s
and then spread through Europe and North America. Its peak
came in the mid-1800s with the invention of the internal
combustion engine, improvements in the steam engine, the
development of ways to store and use electricity, and
improvements in transport, particularly trains. All of these factors
made it easier, cheaper, and more efficient to produce and
transport goods. As a result, the countries that became
industrialized grew wealthier and attracted further investment.
Throughout the 1900s, many parts of Asia started the transition
from agriculture to industrialized economies and today an
enormous amount of the world’s economic activity is carried out
in Asia.
 Industrialized Countries
Country Major Industries

Canada Transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed

minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products,
petroleum, natural gas
Germany Iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine
tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding ,
textiles
Japan Motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and non-
ferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods.
South Korea Electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals,
shipbuilding, steel
Service Industries
Service industries are those which provide service to
businesses and consumers, e.g. mechanical repairs,
plumbing, laundry, restaurants, accounting, banking,
financial advice, tourism activities (e.g. sightseeing
tours), health care and IT. Service industry require
different skills in the workforce.
Industrial regions of Pakistan
A country wealth is usually measured by its Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Pakistan is a nation
transitioning to an industrial economy; it is classified
as a semi-industrial nation.
Pakistan’s largest industry, textiles, is mainly located
in Punjab.
The agriculture sector is large in all provinces of
Pakistan except for Balochistan, the forestry industry
is centered in KPK.
The Cotton industry in Pakistan
About 1.3 million Pakistani farmers produce cotton,
and the crop covers about 15% of the country’s arable
land. So important is cotton to the Pakistan economy
that it is referred to as “white gold”.
Problems faced by cotton industry in
Pakistan
Water pollution and increasing salinity, which result
in low annual yields, are also major problems for
growing healthy cotton crops.
Pests and diseases pose major threats to the cotton
industry in Pakistan. Farmers need to use timely and
appropriate pest control methods to protect their
crops.
The Cotton industry in China
One of Pakistan’s major competitors in the world
cotton market in China. In recent years, China has
been the largest or second-largest cotton producer in
the world.
Problems faced by cotton industry in China
As a heavily polluted country, largely due to the
industrialization of the nation, China faces enormous
environmental problems. These have the potential to
harm all agricultural crops, including cotton.
The quality of cotton produced in China is generally
poorer than that of Pakistan. This is due to the large
number of very small cotton growing farms that are
unable to make enough money.
The Cottage industry in Pakistan
Cottage industries are small scale, home based
businesses. They are a valuable part of Pakistan’s
economy. Not everyone can find work at an
industrialized work site, perhaps because they do not
live near a factory, or to work in a factory would require
moving away from the family home, or they do not
have the required skills for a job in industry.
Examples of popular cottage industry
Blacksmithing
Carpentry
Carpet weaving
Ceramics
Jewelry making, particularly with gold and silver
Leather production
Metal work
Hand-woven textiles
Advantages of cottage industry
Pakistan’s small cottage industries play a very
important role in the economy. They employ more
than half the people who work in the manufacturing
sector, They also keep alive many traditions, such as
carpet weaving, ceramics, and jewellary making. They
help isolated, rural areas remain economically
sustainable , use local raw materials, employ more
women than other sectors and meet local demands.
Disadvantages of cottage industries
A local economy cannot grow to its full potential
through cottage industries alone. There is often a lack
od standardization and quality control that makes it
hard to sell goods. Other problems include unreliable
local energy supplies, few training and career
opportunities for workers, and a lack of a regular
income.
Impact of Industrialization
It has brought countries closer together through the trade in
mass-produced goods. Countries’ economies now depend on
the economic fortunes of each other. Positive aspects are;
More money flowing into a country through the export of
manufactured goods.
Increased activity in the agriculture and manufacturing
sectors.
More goods available for consumers
Cheaper goods available to consumers.
Increased standard of living for most people
More job opportunities
Negative aspects of industrialization
Increased carbon emissions through large scale
manufacturing
Extensive use of non-renewable energy resources and
other natural resources.
Low pay for physically demanding work
Possible decline in cottage industries
Loss of cultural identity.
Industrialization and Pakistan’s economy
There is no doubt that industrialization has
transformed Pakistan’s economy. In 1970, each person
in Pakistan’s workforce produced US$226 to more than
US$1300. Even though Pakistan is considered a semi
industrialized country, its GDP increases by amount
5% every year.