Chapter 5: Listening

and Critical Thinking

 CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Importance of Listening in Our Lives

What is Listening

Barriers to Listening

Gender Differences in Listening

Becoming a Better Listener

Effective Listening in Different Situations

Becoming an Ethical Listener

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 Chapter 5 Objectives
• Discuss three reasons why listening is important in our
lives.
• Define and describe various types of listening as a
process.
• Analyze how noise, perceptions and your own
characteristics can influence the listening process.
• Use critical listening, nonverbal and verbal strategies to
become a better listener.
• Adapt strategies for effective listening to specific
situations, including the workplace, the classroom and
mediated environments.
• Engage in ethical listening behaviors. 3

ASO/ASM404 Semester September 2017 - January 2018

 How Much Time Spent

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The International Listening Association
 IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING

Most used Helps build

communication & maintain
activity relationships

Helps Essential
skill for
detect business
deceit success

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 LISTENING
• Hearing – the act of receiving sound

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 The Importance of Listening in Our
Lives

• Listening
– “the active process of
receiving, constructing
meaning from, and
responding to spoken
and/or nonverbal
messages
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 The Importance of Listening in Our
Lives
1) Active Listening
– Is “involved listening with a purpose”. This includes:
1)Listening carefully by using all available
senses
2)Paraphrasing what we hear both mentally
and verbally
3)Checking our understanding to ensure
accuracy and
4)Providing feedback
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 Two Types of Active Listening
• Empathic listening—
Listening with a purpose
and attempting to
understand the other
person’s perspective
• Critical listening—
Listening that challenges
the speaker’s message by
evaluating its accuracy,
meaningfulness and utility
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 Defining Listening
• Listening for
Enjoyment—occurs in
situations that are relaxing,
fun, or emotionally
stimulating information.

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 Attention

The
Long-
term
Process Working
memory of memory

Listening

Short-
term
memory
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 The Process of Listening
1) Attention—controlling your
selective and automatic attention
– Selective attention: The
sustained focus we give to
stimuli we deem important
– Automatic attention: The
instinctive focus we give to
stimuli signaling a change in our
surroundings, stimuli that we
deem important, or stimuli that
we perceive to signal danger.
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 The Process of Listening
2) Working memory—The part of our
consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to
stimuli we pay attention to.
3) Short-term memory—A temporary storage
place of information
4) Long-term memory—Our permanent storage
place for information, including but not limited to past
experiences; language; values; knowledge; images of
people; memories of sights, sounds and smells; and even
fantasies
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 BARRIERS TO LISTENING

Type of
Barriers

Perception
Noise Yourself
of Others

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 Barriers to Listening
1) Noise
– Physical distractions
– Mental distractions
– Multitasking
– Factual distractions
– Semantic distractions

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 Barriers to Listening

1) NOISE

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 Barriers to Listening
2) Perception of others
– Status
– Stereotypes
– Sights and sounds

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 Barriers to Listening

2) PERCEPTION OF OTHERS

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 Barriers to Listening
3) Yourself
– Egocentrism
– Defensiveness
– Experiential superiority
– Personal bias
– Pseudolistening

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 Barriers to Listening

3) YOURSELF

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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

1) Recognize Differences in Listening

– Listening differences between men and
women
• Purpose for listening
• Listening preferences
• Listening awareness
• Nonverbal listening behaviors
• Interruptive behaviors

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 GENDER DIFFERENCES
IN LISTENING

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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

2) Listen and Think Critically

– Critical thinking: Analyzing the
speaker, the situation and the
speaker’s ideas to make critical
judgments about the message
being presented.
– Source credibility: The extent to
which the speaker is perceived
as competent to make the
claims he or she is making.
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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

2) Listen and Think Critically

– Questions to guide your preliminary
analysis of source credibility
1)Is the person presenting observations
or inferences?
2)If presenting observations, are they
first-person or second person?

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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

2) Listen and Think Critically

– First-person observation: An
observation based on something you
personally have sensed
– Second-person observation: A report of
what another person observed.

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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

3) Use Nonverbal Communication

Effectively
1) Demonstrate bodily responsiveness
2) Lean forward
3) Use direct body orientation
4) Main relaxed but alert posture
5) Establish an open body position

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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

3) Use Nonverbal Communication

Effectively
6) Use positive, responsive facial
expressions and head movement.
7) Establish direct eye contact
8) Sit or stand close to the speaker
9) Be vocally responsive
10) Provide supportive utterances
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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

4) Use Verbal Communication

Effectively
1) Invite additional comments
2) Ask questions
3) Identify areas of agreement or
common experience
4) Vary verbal responses
5) Provide clear verbal responses
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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

4) Use Verbal Communication Effectively

6) Use descriptive, nonevaluative responses
7) Provide affirmative and affirming
statements
8) Avoid complete silence
9) Allow the other person the opportunity of
a complete hearing

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 Ways to Become a Better Listener

5) Check Your Understanding

1) Ask questions for clarification
2) Paraphrase the speaker’s
message
3) Paraphrase the speaker’s intent
4) Identify areas of confusion
5) Invite clarification and correction
6) Go back to the beginning

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 Effective Listening in Different
Situations

1) Listening in the
workplace
– Plan for nuggets
– Consider the source
– Slow down
Lecture listening—The
ability to listen to mentally
– Keep yourself honest
process and recall lecture
information
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 Effective Listening in Different
Situations

2) Listening in the classroom

1) Find areas of interest in what
you are listening to
2) Remain open
3) Work at listening
4) Avoid letting distractions
distract
5) Listen for and note main ideas

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 Effective Listening in Different
Situations
• Listening in the classroom
Types of Cues
1)Written outlines
2)Words/Phrases
3)Verbal importance cues
4)Semantic cues
5)Organizational cues
6)Nonverbal cues

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 Lecture Cues

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 Effective Listening in Different
Situations

3) Listening to media
– Information literacy:
The ability to
recognize when
information is needed
and to locate, evaluate
and effectively use the
information needed

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 Effective Listening in Different
Situations

4) Listening in a second
language
– Vocabulary
comprehension
– Metacognitive
awareness

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 Ways to be an Ethical Listener
1. Recognize the sources of
your own conversational
habits.
2. Monitor your communication
to recognize when you are
engaging in poor listening
behaviors.
3. Apply general ethical
principles to how you
respond.
4. Adapt to others.
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 END OF TOPIC 5

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