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CH 2
CH 2
BY
ATAKELT HAILU ,
MBA,M.COM & Ph.D.
DEPT. OF MANAGEMEN
Chapter Two: Project Cycle
There is tends to be a natural sequence in the way
projects are planned and carried out.
Before any project is actually realized, it goes through
various planning phases.
• Therefore, the different phases through which a project passes
constitutes what is often called “the project cycle”.
There are various models that deal with the project cycle.
1.The Baum’s cycle (World Bank procedures):-consisting of
identification, preparation, appraisal, implementation and
evaluation phases)
2.DEPSA’s project cycle (Development Project Studies Authority)
3.UNIDO ( United nations industrial development organization) -
consisting of :-pre-investment, investment and operational
phases,
4.Integrated project planning and management cycle(IPPMC):- four
phases:- 1. planning, appraisal and design; 2. selection,
approval and activation; 3. operation, control and
handover; and 4. evaluation and refinement.
2.1 The Baum project Cycle (World Bank Procedures)
• The first basic model of a project cycle is that of Baum (1970), which
has been adopted by the World Bank and initially recognized four main
stages, namely.
• Identification
• Preparation
• Implementation
• At a later stage (in 1978) the author has added an additional stage
called “Evaluation” which usually closes the cycle as it gives rise to the
Further work
• Viable
project
Identification stage ideas are
identified.
……………..The Baum Project Cycle
2. Project preparation/formulation
Project preparation also called feasibility study
Once projects have been identified, there begins a process of
progressively more detailed preparation and analysis of project
plan.
During preparation, project team has to determine all the technical,
institutional, economic, environmental, and financial conditions of
required for the project to success.
It involve the study of following area: technical analysis, economic
analysis, financial analysis , social cost-benefit analysis
●
Decisions have to be made on;
Scope of the project
Location and site
Soil and hydrological requirements
Project size (farm or factory size) etc
The Baum Project Cycle
3. Project Appraisal
• After a project has been prepared, it is generally appropriate for a
critical review or an independent appraisal to be conducted.
– This provides an opportunity to re-examine every aspect of the
project plan to assess whether the proposal is appropriate and
sound before large sums are committed.
• Appraisals should cover at least seven aspects of a project, each of
which must have been given special consideration during the project
preparation phase:
1. Technical appraisal– here the appraisals concentrate in verifying
whether what is proposed will work in the way suggested or not.
– It evaluate technical aspect of technology and design, production
process, plant layout, material input, capacity, and project
schedule, Know-how of technology and design availability in the
county.
…Cont’d
2. Financial– to see:
– if money needed for the project have been properly
calculated.
– their sources are identified, and
– reasonable plans for their repayments are made .
3. Commercial – to examine whether the
necessary inputs for the project are supplied.
– to see whether the arrangements for the
disposal of the products are verified.
11/20/2022 11
…Cont’d
4. Incentive - to see whether things are arranged in
such a way that all those whose participation is
required will find it in their interest to take part in
the project.
5. Economic – to see the economic significance of the
project towards the nation’s development.
NB.:
1. If the project involves loan finance, the lender
will almost certainly wish to carryout his own
appraisal before completing negotiations with
the borrower.
2. Comments made at the appraisal stage
possibly results in alterations in the project
plan (Project proposal).
11/20/2022 Gizachew Yirtaw (PhD Cand.) 13
…Cont’d
4. Implementation
– funds are actually disbursed to get the project set up and
running.
– It is during implementation that many of the real problems of
projects are first identified (Monitoring).
– allow management to become aware of difficulties as they
arise.
5. Evaluation
– finally, evaluation should be undertaken when a project is
terminated.
• This is the process of reviewing the completed project to see
whether the intended benefits are likely to be achieved.
– compare actual progress with the plans
– judge whether the decisions and actions taken were reasonable
and useful 14
2.2 DEPSA’s Project Cycle
• According to the Guidelines to project planning in Ethiopia (1990) of Development
Project Studies Authority (DEPSA), the project cycle comprises three major phases.
Pre – investment
Investment and
Operation
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
Industrial Upgrading and Restructuring: the UNIDO’s Approach
UNIDO - UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION ONUDI ~ ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT INDUSTRIEL
under;
A. Opportunity study
B. Pre-feasibility Study
C. Support/functional study
D. Feasibility study
E. Appraisal Report
A) Opportunity study
• The identification of investment opportunities is the starting –
point in a series of investment related activities.
• It should consider analyzing the following:
1) Availability of natural resources
2)Future demand for goods, increasing population, purchasing power.
3) Imports and import substitutions
4) Environmental impact
5) Functioning of similar project in other countries.
6) Industrial policies of the local government
7) General investment climate in the economy
8) Possible for diversification
9) Expansion of an existing line to have large-scale economies
10) Export potentials and
11) Availability and cost of production factors.
B) Pre – feasibility studies : The project idea must be elaborated in
a more detailed study.
However, formulation of a feasibility study that enables a definite
decision to be made on the project is a costly and time – consuming
task.
Therefore, before assigning larger funds for such a study, a
further assessment of the project idea might be made in a pre-
feasibility study.
This is to see if:
All possible project alternatives are examined
The project concept justifies detail study
All aspects are critical and need in – depth investigation
The project idea is viable and attractive or not
Cont’d: Pre-Inv’t
c) Support or Functional Studies:
– Support (or functional) studies covers aspects of an investment
project, and are required as support of, pre-feasibility and
feasibility studies, particularly for large scale investment
proposals.
– This may include:
Market studies of products to be manufactured
Raw materials and factory supply studies
– Laboratory and pilot plant tests.
» Made to determine the suitability of a particular raw
materials (products).
– Location studies: Particularly for potential projects where
transport costs would constitute a major determinant.
Environmental impact assessment:
- Carried-out particularly for project involving for
examples, chemical plants, paper and
petroleum refineries, the Iron & Steel Industry,
and nuclear, thermal and hydropower plants.21
D) Feasibility Studies: A feasibility study should provide all data necessary for an
investment decision.
The commercial, technical, financial, economic and environment prerequisites for
an investment project should therefore be defined and critically examined on the
• The results of these efforts is then a project whose background conditions and aims have been