ГгГ

Socio-political prospects of
development and spiritual
modernization
 LECTURE № 10
ETHNODEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AND STRENGTHENING OF
INTERETHNIC HARMONY

Main questions of the lecture:

 1. Democratization of the socio-political life
of the Republic of Kazakhstan
 2. Social movements in the Republic of
Kazakhstan
 3. Youth policy in the Republic of
Kazakhstan and ways of spiritual
modernization
1. DEMOCRATIZATION OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL LIFE OF THE
REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
 The acquisition of Kazakhstan's own face, the strengthening of independence
and its entry into the category of civilized states in the XXI century are clearly
connected with the development of democracy in the country. Not only as a
regime of government, meaning " the power of the people”, that is, a special
way of governing society, but, more broadly, as a special form of social
structure. This unambiguity of the connection is primarily due to the fact that
the very acquisition of independence is an act of gaining freedom, and
democracy is actually the granting of freedom a legal status and, therefore,
coincides with the process of strengthening independence. Democracy is a way,
a means of achieving freedom, which has a set of basic principles, norms and
procedures designed to best ensure this freedom. The fundamental principles of
democracy include the principles of constitutional government, human rights
and equality before the law.
In a more detailed disclosure, this means:a) participation
of the people in the management of society in the form of
direct elections of authorities in accordance with the
majority rule; (b) Protection of individual and minority
rights: the rights to freedom of conscience, freedom of
speech, property rights, personal inviolability;c) the
principle of interdependence and mutual limitation of
authorities implies the separation of legislative, executive
and judicial authorities, their independence from each
other, their mutual control;d) equality of all citizens and
equality in voting in free and fair elections, including
equality in information when choosing candidates for
public positions;(e) Equality before the law or the right to
equal protection of the law.
 The restructuring of public institutions in accordance with these
principles is the process of democratization. All modern
democracies have these elements, regardless of historical,
economic and cultural differences, therefore, along with the
restoration of the historical connection of times, the revival of
culture and the transformation of the economy in accordance with
its most effective model - a market, liberal economy, the process of
democratization is actively underway in Kazakhstan. It began, as
you know, with the transformation of the power system. First of
all, this is the election of the President of the Republic of
Kazakhstan in December 1991.A significant factor in the
democratization of public life in Kazakhstan was and is the law
“On the Press and Other Mass Media " adopted in June 1991,
which guaranteed freedom of speech, abolished censorship and
undoubtedly activated social processes.
 He contributed to the rapid development of the mass media, the openness of
society both in information and in other plans. In addition to state and
regional newspapers, independent commercial and party publications
appeared on the ruins of newspapers, which played a significant role in
discussing important, first of all, political problems. During the five years of
independence, more than 1,800 different mass media were registered,
whereas in 1990 there were only about 500 of them. After 1994, when 280
new media outlets were opened, a certain, inevitable decline in the
organization of new media began - in 1995, 190 of them were already
registered. At the same time, competition in the newspaper and TV and radio
markets has become more noticeable to influence the survival of the media.
The publications of political parties and movements were particularly
unlucky in the information market. This is primarily due to the weakness of
these parties themselves, the lack of form, the vagueness of their programs,
or even the illegitimacy of their activities. The latter concerned partly the
Communist Party, as well as some ethnocentric parties. That is, these parties
or movements acted from positions that eroded the very foundations of our
new statehood and, therefore, their activities were periodically subjected to a
legal ban. In general, the process of forming a loyal opposition was one of the
most painful and difficult in the first five years of the existence of an
independent state. Perhaps, it has not been completed yet.
The adoption of the first Constitution of sovereign Kazakhstan on January 28,
1993 was the basis for a large-scale promotion of the process of
democratization on a legal basis. A significant event that showed both the
depth and reality of the process of democratization of Kazakhstan's society,
and the vitality of official legal nihilism, was the recognition in 1995 by the
Constitutional Court of the elections to the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan of
the XIII convocation as unconstitutional and, accordingly, the activities of the
latter were illegal. This circumstance caused the need to confirm the
confidence in the ongoing course of reforms, which was obtained at a national
referendum in the form of extending the term of office of the President of the
Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev until 2000. Having gained the trust
of the overwhelming majority of citizens of Kazakhstan, the President faced
the need to resolve issues that stirred society and caused civil and interethnic
tension. They could be solved only by making changes to the existing
Constitution. However, at the same time, it was necessary to clearly, once and
for all resolve the issues of the powers of the three branches of government,
since their vagueness foreshadowed more than one crisis, especially clearly
manifested in the self-dissolution of the Supreme Council of the 12th
convocation, as well as in the recognition of the unconstitutional Supreme
Council of the 13th convocation. The adoption of a new Constitution was
required.
 The text of the draft of the new Constitution was initially
submitted to the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan for
consideration. This body was also created as an advisory body
under the President and was a significant step in the
democratization of the country on the way to building a multi-
ethnic, tolerant type of state.The Assembly of People of
Kazakhstan is a successful, effective mechanism for preventing
any undesirable excesses on ethnic grounds and serves to
strengthen mutual understanding, mutual respect and mutual
support of all 131 ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan.
Therefore, it was quite natural to have a preliminary
consultation on the adoption of the text of the Constitution
with this authoritative and significant body in the public life of
the country. The elections to the bicameral Parliament held in
the same year finally consolidated the powers of the relevant
governing bodies and, in general, logically completed the
process of democratic transformations in the sphere of power.
 For some time, the Parliament was considered by inertia as a source or a place
of concentration of opposition not only, as usual, to the policy pursued by the
executive power, but also to the course of reforms. However, the experience of
the parliament has shown that it quickly enough, according to its powers, found
its place and the niche intended for it for successful activity. Having sufficient
powers to control the activities of the Government, the Parliament was
engaged, first of all, in legislative support of the reform process. This is the best
way to meet the needs of the country's democratic development and prevents
society from unnecessary escalation of political passions and tension.They are
closely connected with the processes of democratization and reform in the social
sphere. In the previous era, such social institutions as science, education,
culture, and healthcare were organized and structured in accordance with the
needs of a totally ideological state.
 Science was strictly subject to the state order and those areas that did not fit
into the official ideology were persecuted or abolished, up to the physical
destruction of scientists. Now the task is to enable the development of all
research projects without ideological dictates, but to change the attitude to the
concept of fundamental nature in science, as developments that can change the
environment in which a person lives, give a wide scope for the development of
science in educational institutions, raise the prestige of a researcher, build
knowledge into a cult. This will be a valid guarantee against mass stupefaction
and the return of anti-democratic regimes.An important condition for the latter
is the democratic nature of the education system, which implies its accessibility,
that is, equality of rights in obtaining education regardless of ethnicity, gender,
language and place of residence (whether it is a city or a village), its free of
charge, as well as the opportunity to receive high-quality, elite education for an
appropriate fee.
2. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF
KAZAKHSTAN
 By the end of 1993, three political parties were officially registered in
Kazakhstan - The Socialist Party,- The Republican Party,- The People's
Congress Party. Among the public associations, "Nevada-
Semipalatinsk","Azat"and the union "National Unity of Kazakhstan"stood
out. There were also 11 large national and cultural associations. The total
number of socio-political organizations has exceeded 300.The Constitution of
the Republic of Kazakhstan guarantees the rights of parties, movements,
associations, with the exception of those whose activities are aimed at "forcibly
changing the constitutional system, violating the integrity of the republic,
undermining the security of the State, inciting social, racial, national, religious,
class and tribal discord". State interference in the affairs of parties and public
associations is not allowed.According to the latest version of the Law of the
Republic of Kazakhstan "On Political Parties", a political party must have at
least 20,000 members
 The list of political parties registered in the country for 2021:
 "Nur Otan",
 "Ak Zhol",
 "Auyl",
 People's Party of Kazakhstan,
 "Adal",
 National Social Democratic Party,
 "Azat"
 «Nur Otan»Nur Otan is the ruling party in Kazakhstan, established in 1999
on the initiative of the first President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev,
as the Otan party. Nazarbayev is its leader and chairman. The name of the
party is translated from Kazakh into Russian as "The Light of the
Fatherland". Meanwhile, the youth wing of the Zhas Otan party is
translated as "Young Fatherland". Nur Otan is the largest pro-presidential
party in Kazakhstan. The ruling party of the country. It was founded in 1999
on the initiative of the first president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev,
as the Otan party, he is also its leader. The ideology of the party according to
its doctrine is as follows:- Strengthening the independence of Kazakhstan-
The formation of a strong middle class, which is the basis of a stable
economy and socio-political stability- Centrism- A person as the main value-
The rule of law and equality of all before the law "regardless of status and
origin"- Justice as equality of opportunities- Development of the Kazakh
language as a strategic priority, while preserving the identity of all
nationalities- Strengthening the family and preserving traditions- In a
secular state, faith and religion are an important source of spirituality,
morality and tolerance.- Inviolability of private property, economic
diversification, energy saving, environmentally friendly technologies-
Providing state social support only to vulnerable segments of the population-
Fight against corruption- Multi-vector nature of Kazakhstan's foreign policy
 "Ak Zhol"
TheDemocratic Party of Kazakhstan "Ak Zhol "is a political party in Kazakhstan that positions
itself as a"constructive opposition". She was registered with the justice authorities on April 3,
2002.

 "Auyl"
People's Democratic Patriotic Party "Auyl". The party was registered on March 1, 2002, a year
later the party was re-registered.

 "People's Party of Kazakhstan"

The People's Party of Kazakhstan Public Association is a voluntary association of citizens of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, adherents of socialist ideology and left-wing ideas. The NPC expresses
the political will of workers, the unemployed, pensioners and young people through their
participation in the work of local self-government bodies, representative and executive bodies of
state power in order to represent and defend the interests of the population that is striving for
social justice and political equality.The People's Party of Kazakhstan remains faithful to the
strategic orientation of building a socially just society at the present stage. The party emerged as
a result of the split of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in April 13, 2004. The idea of creating
the party belongs to 12 members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
Kazakhstan, who resigned from its membership due to disagreements with the first Secretary of
the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan S. A. Abdildin. The reason for the
split with the CPC was the election of the deputy of the Mazhilis Tolen Tokhtasynov as the
secretary of the CPC. About 15 thousand people from the Communist Party of Kazakhstan
joined the People's Party of Kazakhstan.
 "Adal"
Оn November 05, 2020, during a meeting of the political council of the party,
it was decided to rename the political organization from "Birlik" to "Adal" -
a political party operating on the territory of Kazakhstan since April 26,
2013. It is currently headed by Serik Sultangali. The party has focused its
attention on the environment and the social sphere, which generally allows us
to characterize its ideology as eco-socialism.
 "National Social Democratic Party"
The National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan is the opposition party
in the country. She officially registered with the justice authorities on
January 25, 2007. The National Social Democratic Party has its branches in
all regions of the republic, as well as in the cities of Nur-Sultan and Almaty.
 "Azat"
The Democratic Party of Kazakhstan "Azat" is an opposition party in the
country, which operated on the territory of Kazakhstan from April 29, 2005
to October 24, 2009. Initially, " Azat "was created under the name of the
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan"Nagyz Ak Zhol". However, on October 24,
2009, it merged with the National Social Democratic Party "Azat".
 Prohibited parties:
- People's Party " Alga!",
- People's Party "Democratic
Choice of Kazakhstan",
- Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami.
 The first social movements appeared in our republic in the late 80s. All
public organizations that emerged in 1987 were engaged exclusively in
environmental problems. The first mass republican organization in
Kazakhstan was the anti-nuclear movement "Nevada-Semipalatinsk".
The movement was organized at the end of February 1989 on the
initiative of the poet O. Suleimenov, who headed the Union of Writers
of the Republic, and quickly spread throughout Kazakhstan. The
movement received massive support from the population, who
perceived the landfill as a national tragedy. An important role in the
development of the Nevada-Semipalatinsk movement was played by
the figure of its founder and leader O. Suleimenov. The authorities
reacted ambiguously to the movement and only after N. Nazarbayev
came to power in the summer of 1989, the anti-centrist orientation of
"Nevada" was supported by the republican bodies and the movement
was able to hold thousands of rallies and other mass actions prohibited
by other organizations. The main legislative acts regulating the
activities of public associations are the Constitution of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Public
Associations", the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
3. YOUTH POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF
KAZAKHSTAN AND WAYS OF SPIRITUAL
MODERNIZATION
 The purpose of the Law "On State Youth Policy in the Republic
of Kazakhstan", according to Article 3, is to create socio-
economic, legal, organizational conditions and guarantees for the
spiritual, cultural, educational, professional formation and
physical development of young people, the disclosure of their
creative potential in the interests of the whole society. The current
legislation on the state youth policy has also highlighted the main
tasks, including the protection of the rights and legitimate
interests of young people; the provision of assistance and social
services to young people; implementation of socially significant
youth initiatives. Chapter 2 of the Law of the Republic of
Kazakhstan" On State Youth Policy " sets out the main directions
of implementing youth policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as
well as guarantees in the field of labor and employment,
assistance in solving housing problems, state support for youth
entrepreneurship.
 The rights of young people enshrined in the Law of the Republic
of Kazakhstan "On State Youth Policy in the Republic of
Kazakhstan", in article six, are currently supported by the state,
among them are free medical care, receiving a monthly state
scholarship for young people studying on a state educational
grant. It also provides for a quota of admission in the quantities
established by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for
citizens from among rural youth. The possibility of receiving
social services in the form of consultations on legal, psychological
and other issues of concern to young people is fixed. This
normative legal act provides for an article that provides for the
possibility of financing activities within the framework of the
implementation of the state youth policy in the form of a state
social order. Undoubtedly, this tool of state support for youth in
the Republic of Kazakhstan has a great potential for
strengthening youth organizations.
 The state youth policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field
of labor and employment is implemented through the
implementation of youth employment programs, the development
of public works and the training of young people in vocational
training and advanced training courses. An example of the
successful implementation of one of the tasks of the state youth
policy, in ensuring the employment of university students and
graduates of vocational institutions, is the project "Youth
Practice". Its purpose is to acquire initial work experience,
knowledge and skills, to assist in finding employment and to
increase competitiveness in the labor market. In order to ensure
the employment of graduates, since 2009, internships and
internships have been organized in the regions in accordance with
the received specialty at the workplace. Over the past three years,
about 50,000 graduates have been employed in permanent jobs
within the framework of the Youth Practice program.
 In 2011, the youth practice was implemented within the
framework of the "Business Roadmap 2020" program and
Regional Development Programs, during which 15.6 thousand
people were covered, including 9.6 thousand under the "Business
Roadmap 2020" program. Another significant project to ensure
the employment of graduates of higher and vocational
educational institutions was the national initiative "Auyl
Zhastary". This project has several goals, but the main one is to
support and create conditions for the development of rural youth.
Within the framework of the national initiative "Auyl Zhastary",
a new youth project "With a diploma to the village" is being
implemented. Its purpose is to convey to young citizens the main
ideas of state support for social sphere specialists in rural areas.
The project involves not only graduates of educational
institutions who have just received diplomas, but also specialists
with experience who have come to the village to work and live for
at least five years.
 A total of 16,134 specialists in the social sphere were involved
during the implementation period, of which 12,187 or 76% are
teachers, 3,132 people (19%) are healthcare specialists, 516 are
culture specialists, 133 are social security specialists and 166 are
sports specialists. National initiative "Zhasyl el". One of the main
tasks in the field of environmental protection and nature
management is to stabilize and improve the environmental
situation in the Republic. The initiative of the Head of State on
gardening "Zhasyl El"has been successfully implemented
throughout the country since 2005. The main goals and objectives
of "Zhasyl El" are: greening of settlements, increasing the forest
cover of territories with the involvement of young people in these
processes. At the present stage of development of independent
Kazakhstan, the implementation of the "Zhasyl El" program
occupies one of the important places in the implementation of the
state youth policy.
 The project "Youth Personnel Reserve" is aimed at forming the
personnel reserve of Kazakhstan on a competitive basis in the
amount of 100 people from 2,000 participants from all regions of
Kazakhstan. Training and inclusion in socially significant
activities in three areas: - public service; - socio-political activity;
- business community. The main directions of the state youth
policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan are the promotion of
entrepreneurial activity of young people. The involvement of
young people in the field of entrepreneurship is an urgent
direction for the development of small and medium-sized
businesses not only in Kazakhstan, but also around the world.
Recently, special attention has not been paid to the issues of youth
entrepreneurship. Work in this direction is mainly limited to
training young people who have expressed a desire to start their
own business. Summing up, we can conclude that special national
legislation in the field of youth policy is a generally accepted
world practice, an effective tool for the formation of state youth
policy.
THANK YOU!