HIGHWAY AND

RAILROAD
ENGINEERING:
LESSON 5
CE408
ENGR. ALYZZA ELAINE B. OJEDA
ENGR. HAROLD LOYD M. ILUSTRISIMO
 COURSE OUTLINE
HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY
ENGINEERING

Reference: CHED Memorandum Order No. 92 Series 2017

 FUNDAMENTALS OF
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 Agenda
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1. Railways Historical Development

2. Philippine Railway System
3. Railways versus Road Transport
4. Track Components
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Historical Notes in Railways
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

1769 – Nicolas Carnot, carried out

the pioneering work of developing
steam energy

1804 – Richard Trevithick designed

and
constructed a steam locomotive

1814 – George Stephenson, produced

the first steam locomotive used for
traction in railways
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes in
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Railways

1825 – Recorded first

public railway in the
world was opened to
public, between
Stockholm and
Darlington
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
RAILWAY ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes in
Railways

1833 – First railway line

in USA between Mohawk
and Hudson
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
RAILWAY ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes in
Railways

1835 – First railway in

Germany was opened
from Nuremberg to
Furth
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Historical Notes in Railways
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

1875 – King Alfonso XII of Spain

promulgated a Royal Decree
directing the Office of the Inspector
of Public Works of the Philippines
to submit a general plan for
railroads on Luzon (June 25, 1875).

The plan, was entitled

Memoria Sobre el Plan
General de Ferrocarriles en la
Isla de Luzón.
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
History of Philippine Railways

1876 – Memoria Sobre el Plan

General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla
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de Luzón Grand M aster Plan

1891 – First rail tracks laid

1892 – Openned for

commercial use, from
Ferrocarril de M anila to
Dagupan

Source: The Colonial Iron

Horse
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
History of Philippine
Railways

 Before series of wars

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

engulfed Philippines,
more than a thousand
route-kilometers were
built.

 Only 452 km were

operational after
the war.

 Only 129 km remain

operational (2021). Source:
Esquire

 The government aims to expand

railway network to 1900 km by
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
Greater Manila Railway
Networks
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Green – LRT 1

Blue – LRT 2 Source: Bernard Arellano

III

Yellow – MRT
3

Orange – PNR
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Greater
Tokyo
Railway
Networks
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail Projects

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

LRT 1 Cavite Extension –

expected to reduce the
travel time between
Baclaran and Bacoor to
around 20 minutes from the
usual one hour.
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
Ongoing Rail Projects

LRT 2 East Extension – to add new

stations: Marikina-Pasig and Antipolo
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 PHILIPPINE
RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Ongoing Rail Projects

MRT 7 – elevated railway

from North Ave. to SJDM,
Bulacan. Expected to serve
350,000 daily commuters.
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Projects

MetroM anila
Subway Project –
expected to serve
370,000 daily
passengers.
 PHILIPPINE
RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Ongoing Rail
Projects Source:
North South Commuter Rail JICA

Project
– Clark-Calamba Railway,
expected to be full operational
by 2025
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Projects

Mindanao Railway
System – Phase 1
construction expected to
begin Q4 in 2021

Source: Mindanao
news
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT

FEATURE RAIL TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

 The movement of steel wheels

on steel rails has the basic
Tractive advantage of low rolling
Resistance resistance.
 This reduces haulage costs
because of low tractive
resistance.
 The tractive resistance of a
pneumatic tire on paved roads is
almost five times compared to that
of wheels on rails.
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
FEATURE RAIL TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT

 A railway track is defined on

two rails and is within protected  Roads, though having well
limits. defined limits, can be used by any
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Right of Way  Trains work as per prescribed vehicular traffic and even by
schedule and no other vehicle has pedestrians they are open to all.
the right of way except at
specified level crossings.

 Owing to the heavy infrastructure  The cost of construction and

Cost of Analysis and equipment, the initial as well maintenance of roads is
as maintenance cost of a railway comparatively cheaper
line is high
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature Rail Transport Road Transport

 The gradients of railways tracks  Roads are constructed normally

are flatter (normally not more with steeper gradients of up to 1
Gradients and than 1 in 100), and curves are in 30 and relatively much sharper
Curves
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

limited up to only 10° on broad curves.

gauge.

 Due to the defined routes and
facilities required for the
Flexibility of reception and dispatch of trains,
movement railways can be used only
between fixed points.
 Road transports have much more
flexibility in movement and can
provide door-to-door services.
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature Rail Transport Road Transport

 Railways have minimum  Road transport creates

Environment adverse effects on the comparatively greater
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

pollution environment. pollution than the railways.

 Road transport is best suited for

 Railways are best suited for carrying lighter goods and smaller
carrying heavy goods and large numbers of passengers over
Suitability numbers of passengers over long shorter distances.
distances.
 Track Components
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

The track is the railroad on which trains

run.
 Track
Components
RAILS
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

 Rails are the members of

the track laid in two
parallel lines to provide
an unchanging,
continuous, and level
surface for the movement
of trains.
 To be able to withstand
stresses, they
are made of high-carbon
steel.

Source:
 Track Components
RAILS
Functions
1. Rails are similar to steel girders. These are provided to perform the
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

following functions in a track.

2. Rails provide a continuous and level surface for the movement of
trains.
3. Rails provide a pathway which is smooth and has very little friction.
4. Rails serve as a lateral guide for the wheels.
5. Rails bear the stresses developed due to vertical loads transmitted
to them through axles and wheels of rolling stock as well as due
to braking and thermal forces.
6. Rails carry out the function of transmitting the load to a
large area of the formation through sleepers and the
 Track Components
RAILS
Types of
Rails
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Gauge
 Gauge is defined as the minimum distance between two
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

rails.
 The gauge is measured as the clear minimum distance
between the running faces of the two rails

2021 – CE 28
408
 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Gauge
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 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Specification
Every rail has a brand on its web, which is repeated at intervals
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

IRS-52kg – 710 – TISCO – I 1991 –> OB

a) IRS-52-kg: Number of IRS rail section, i.e., 52 kg

b) 710: Grade of rail section, i.e., 710 or 880
c) TISCO: Manufacturer’s name, e.g., Tata Iron and Steel Co.
d) II 1991: Month and year of manufacture (February 1991)
e) ->: An arrow showing the direction of the top of the ingot
f) OB: Process of steel making, e.g., open hearth basic (OB)
 Track Components
SLEEPERS

 Sleepers are the transverse ties

that are laid to support the
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

rails.
 They have an important role in
the track as they transmit the
wheel load from the rails to the
ballast.
 Track Components
SLEEPERS
Functions
1. Holding the rails in their correct gauge and alignment
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

2. Giving a firm and even support to the rails

3. Transferring the load evenly from the rails to a wider area of the
ballast
4. Acting as an elastic medium between the rails and the ballast to
absorb the blows and vibrations caused by moving loads
5. Providing longitudinal and lateral stability to the permanent way
6. Providing the means to rectify the track geometry during their
service life.
 Track Components
SLEEPERS
Sleeper Density and Spacing
Sleeper density is the number of sleepers per rail length. It is specified
as M + x or N + x
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

M or N is the length of the rail in meters and x is a number that

varies according to factors such as
a) axle load and speed,
b) type and section of rails,
c) type and strength of the
sleepers,
d) type of ballast and ballast
cushion, and
e) nature of formation.
Example: If the sleeper density
is M+ 7 on a broad-gauge route
and the length of the rail is 13
m,
It means that 13 + 7 = 20
sleepers will be used per rail
on that route.
 Track Components
BALLAST

 The ballast is a layer of broken stones, gravel, or any other

granular material placed and packed below and around
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

sleepers for distributing load from the sleepers to the

formation.
 It provides drainage as well as longitudinal and lateral stability
to the track.
 Track Components
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

BALLAST
Moorum ballast - It normally used as the initial ballast in new
constructions and as sub-ballast.
 Track Components
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

BALLAST

Coarse sand
ballast – used
primarily for
cast iron rails.
 Track Components

BALLAST
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Coal ash cinder –

normally used in
yards as initial
ballast in new
constructions since it
is very cheap
 Track Components

BALLAST
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Broken stone
ballast –
made from
hard stones,
normally used
for high-
speed tracks.
 Track Components
BALLAST
Functions
1. Provides a level and hard bed for the sleepers to rest on.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

2. Holds the sleepers in position during the passage of trains.

3. Transfers and distributes load from the sleepers to a large area of
the formation.
4. Provides elasticity and resilience to the track for proper riding
comfort.
5. Provides the necessary resistance to the track for longitudinal and
lateral stability.
6. Provides effective drainage to the track.
7. Provides an effective means of maintaining the level and alignment
of the track.
 Track Components
BALLAST
Ballast Gradation

Size of Sieve % retained

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

 65 mm  5% maximum

 40 mm  40% to 60%

 Not less than 98% for machine

 20 mm crushed and not less than 95%
for hand broken
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Source: http://www.railway-fasteners.com/news/rail-fastening-system-key-techniques.html
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
For joining rail to rail - Fish plates, combination fish
plates, bolts, and nuts
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
For joining rails to sleepers – Cast-iron bearing screws,
plate screws, pandrol clifts, rubber pads
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 References
1. Department of Public Works and Highways.1995. Standard
Specification for Public Works and Highways(Volume II –
Standard Specification for Highways, Bridges and Airports),
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

DPWH, Office of the Secretary, Bonifacio Drive, Port Area,

Manila
2. Hay, W. W. 1982. Railroad Engineering, 2nd Edition. Wiley.
3. Armstrong J. H. 2008. The Railroad: What It Is, What It Does,
5th Edition.
4. Prof Marloe B Sundo slides
5. Engr. Kenneth Fajardo slides