Professional Documents
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analysis and
stock valuation
ch14
Company Analysis vs. Stock
Valuation
Good companies are not necessarily good investments.
Why?
Growth stock is :
Stock with higher expected rate of return than
other stocks in the market with similar risk
characteristics
Achieves this superior risk-adjusted rate of return
because the market has undervalued it compared
to other stocks.
Growth companies and growth stocks
Although stock market adjusts stock prices relatively quickly and
accurately to reflect new information, available information are not
always perfect or complete.
Therefore, incomplete information may cause a stock to be
undervalued or overvalued at a point in time.
If the stock is undervalued, its price should eventually reflect the
true fundamental value when the correct information becomes
available.
During this period of price adjustment, it will be a growth stock.
Growth companies and growth stocks
Growth stock are not necessarily limited to growth
companies.
It can be the stock of any type of company as long
as this stock is undervalued by the market.
Growth companies and growth stocks
Example,
Defensive Company:
Whose future earnings are likely to resist an
economic downturn
Normally have low business risk and not excessive
financial risk
Supply basic consumer necessities such as Public
utilities or grocery stores.
Defensive companies vs defensive
stock
Defensive stock:
Rate of return is not expected to decline during an
overall market decline or decline less than the
overall market.
Stock with low or negative systematic risk
Or in other words, a stock that has a low positive
or negative beta (the expected return of an asset
based on its expected market returns is low)
Cyclical companies and cyclical stocks
Cyclical companies:
Sales and earnings will be heavily influenced by
aggregate business activity
Outperform other firms during economic
expansion
Underperform during economic contractions
High volatility in sales (high business risk and
financial risk)
Example steel, auto or heavy machinery industries
Cyclical companies and cyclical stocks
Cyclical stock:
Experiences changes in rates of return greater than
changes in overall market rates of return
Stocks with high betas
Speculative companies vs speculative
stocks
Speculative companies
Whose assets involve greater risk but that also has
a possibility of greater gain
Speculative stock
Possesses a high probability of low or negative rates
of return
Speculative stocks
One that is overpriced, leading to a high probability
that during the future period when the market adjusts
the stock price to its true value,
Differentiation Strategy
Firm positions itself as unique in the industry in an area that is
important to buyers
A company can attempt to differentiate itself based
on its distribution system or some unique marketing approach
Company Analysis
SWOT analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
SWOT Analysis
Internal Analysis
Strengths
Give the firm a comparative advantage in the
marketplace
Perceived strengths can include good customer service,
high-quality products, strong brand
image, customer loyalty, innovative R&D, market
leadership, or strong financial resources
Weaknesses
Weaknesses result when competitors have potentially
advantages over the firm
SWOT Analysis
External Analysis
Opportunities
These are environmental factors that favor the firm
They may include a growing market for the firm’s
products (domestic and international), shrinking
competition, favorable exchange rate shifts
Threats
They are environmental factors that can hinder the firm in
achieving its goals
Examples would include a slowing domestic economy,
additional government regulation, an increase in industry
competition, threats of entry,
Some Lessons from Peter Lynch
Favorable Attributesof Firms may result in
favorable stock market performance
Firm’s product should not be faddish
Firm should have some long-run comparative
advantage over its rivals
Firm’s industry or product has market stability
Firm can benefit from cost reductions
Estimating Intrinsic value
Present value of cash flows (PVCF)
Present value of dividends (DDM)
Present value of free cash flow to equity (FCFE)
Present value of free cash flow (FCFF)
Relative valuation techniques
Price earnings ratio (P/E)
Price cash flow ratios (P/CF)
Price book value ratios (P/BV)
Price sales ratio (P/S)
Present Value of Dividends
V =
Required Rate of Return
Long-Run Growth Models
Assume some of the earnings are reinvested then the value of an all equity firm
is the value of the following components:
1. E = the level of constant net earnings expected from existing assets, without
further net investments
2. G = the growth component that equals to the present value of capital gains
expected from reinvested funds
The return on invested fund = r = mk
m = rate of return on funds retained (r/k)
If m=1, then r =k
If m>1, then r > k
If m<1, then r<k
V= E/k + bE (m-1)/k
The first part of the equation is the present value of a
constant earning and the second part of the equation is the
present value of excess earning from growth investment
Long Run Growth
Negative Growth Model
Firm retains earnings, but reinvestment returns rate
are below the firm’s cost of capital. That is, r<k or
m<1
Since growth will be positive (r>0) but slower than it
should be (r<k), the value will decline when the
investors discount the reinvestment stream at the
cost of capital
Capital Gain components
The three factors that influence the capital gain
component:
The amount of capital invested in growth investments
(b)
The relative rate of return earned on the funds retained
(m)
The time period for these growth investments
Long Run Growth
Dynamic True Growth Model
Firm invests a constant percentage of current
earnings in projects that generate rates of return
above the firm’s required rate of return
In this case, r>k and m>1
In this model the amount invested is growing each
ear as earning increase.
Firm value for the dynamic growth model for an
infinite time period
D1
V=
k-g
Growth Duration Model