Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS
1
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:-
1. apply the basic concept of communication system elements,
various types of modulation techniques, transmission system
and basic data communication in electronic communication by
using appropriate diagram. (C3, PLO1)
2. solve a well-defined problems related to noise parameters,
modulation parameters, character encoding and information
capacity using designated method and formula. (C3, PLO2)
3. construct and test various applications of related
communication equipments in performing the assigned
practical work using standard test equipment. (P4, PLO5)
4. demonstrate ability to work in a team to complete assigned
tasks during practical work sessions. (A3, PLO11)
2
CHAPTER 3
MULTIPLEXING AND TRANSMISSION
MEDIUM
(06 : 12)
LEARNING OUTCOME
3.1 Know and understand Multiplexing and
Demultiplexing
3.2 Know and understand Guided Medium
3.3 Know and understand Unguided Medium
3.4 Know and understand Antenna
3
3.1 Know and understand Multiplexing and
Demultiplexing
4
MULTIPLEXING AND
DEMULTIPLEXING
5
Note
Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of
available bandwidth to achieve specific goals
6
MULTIPLEXING & DEMULTIPLEXING
• Function:
i. Combine the information signals that might have
difference characteristics @ forms (analog, digital)
or might originate from difference sources over the
same transmission medium. (the combining signals
is called Communication Resources)
ii. Distribute/allocate/divide the combining signals(CR)
into difference channels over the same transmission
medium.
10
MULTIPLEXING & DEMULTIPLEXING
11
MULTIPLEXING & DEMULTIPLEXING
• Advantages:
– Could increase the number of channels in a single transmission
line. Therefore, more information can be transmitted.
– Reduce cost of transmission because higher utilization of
transmission medium.
– Efficiency of bandwidth utilization
13
1.0 Time Division Multiplexing
14
Note
15
Figure 3.3: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
16
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
17
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
18
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
20
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
21
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
EXAMPLE 3.1:
In Figure 3.6, the data rate for each input connection is 1
mbps. If 1 bit at a time is multiplexed (a unit is 1 bit), what is
the duration of (a) each input slot, (b) each output slot, and
(c) each frame?
22
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
24
2.0 Frequency Division Multiplexing
25
Note
26
Figure 3.7: Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
27
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
28
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
30
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
31
FM Radio Broadcasting
32
Figure 3.9: FDM demultiplexing example
33
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
EXAMPLE 3.2:
34
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
SOLUTION 3.2:
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice
channels to a different bandwidth, as shown in
Figure 3.10.
We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first
channel, the 24- to 28-kHz bandwidth for the
second channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz bandwidth
for the third one.
Then we combine them as shown in Figure 3.10.
35
Figure 3.10: Example 3.2
36
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
EXAMPLE 3.3:
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are
to be multiplexed together. What is the minimum
bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard
band of 10 kHz between the channels to prevent
interference?
37
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
SOLUTION 3.3:
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This
means that the required bandwidth is at least
(5 × 100 kHz) + (4 × 10 kHz) = 540 kHz,
as shown in below Figure 3.11.
38
Comparison of TDM & FDM
TDM FDM
40
Note
41
Figure 3.12: Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
42
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
45
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
46
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
48
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
• Transmission Medium can be broadly defined as anything
that can carry information from a source to a destination.
Waveguide Microstrip
49
GUIDED MEDIUM
50
Guided Medium : Wired
52
TWISTED PAIR CABLE
53
TWISTED PAIR CABLE
54
UTP & STP
57
Categories of Twisted Pair cables
58
TWISTED PAIR CABLE connector
RJ-11 Male
RJ-11 Female
RJ=Registered Jack
59
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages:
⚫a high installed base ⚫very noisy
⚫cheap to install ⚫limited in distance
◦ Analog Transmission
⚫easy to terminate ● Need amplifiers every 5km to
⚫Easy to work with 6km
◦ Digital Transmission
● Need repeater every 2km or 3km
⚫suffers from interference
⚫Limited of data rate
⚫Easily affected by outer
interference and noise
60
TWISTED PAIR - APPLICATIONS
61
2.0 COAXIAL CABLE
62
COAXIAL CABLE
63
COAXIAL CABLE
🡨 Outer insulator
64
COAXIAL CABLE
65
COAXIAL CABLE connector
66
COAXIAL CABLE Application
67
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
⚫ cheap to install ⚫ limited in distance
⚫ conforms to standards ⚫ limited in number of
⚫ widely used connections
⚫ Because of the shield or ⚫ terminations and connectors
jacket that covers the must be done properly.
outer and inner ⚫ High attenuation rate makes
conductors, it has better it expensive over long
protection from EM distance (needs more
Interference and crosstalk repeaters)
noise than twisted pair. ⚫ Fragile - transmission can be
easily stopped.
⚫ Size - thicker than twisted
68
3.0 FIBER OPTIC CABLE
69
FIBER OPTIC CABLE
■ consists of three concentric sections;
71
Light propagation : Bending of light ray
72
Element in Optical Fiber Communication
74
Propagation Modes
75
Propagation Modes
MULTIMODE STEP INDEX MULTIMODE GRADED
SINGLE MODE
INDEX
77
FIBER OPTIC CABLE – Advantages
79
FIBER OPTIC CABLE – Application
• MICROSTRIP
82
4.0 WAVEGUIDE
83
WAVEGUIDE
🞂Waveguide is a hollow metal tube designed to carry
microwave energy from one place to another without
losses.
🞂Constructed from highly conductivity material or non-
transparent dielectric material such as copper, aluminum
or brass.
🞂Aluminium is highly conductive and light but difficult to
weld and solder.
🞂Brass has the lowest conductivity
but easy to manufacture.
84
WAVEGUIDE
86
ii. CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE
88
WAVEGUIDE – Advantages
90
MICROSTRIP
Substrate @ Dielectric
91
MICROSTRIP
🞂 Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which
can be fabricated using printed circuit board (PCB)
technology, and is used to convey microwave frequency
signals.
🞂 It consists of a conducting strip separated from a
conductor ground plane by a dielectric layer known as
the substrate.
🞂 Microwave components such as antennas, couplers,
filters, power dividers etc. can be formed from microstrip.
The entire device existing as the pattern of metallization
on the substrate.
92
MICROSTRIP POWER DIVIDER / COMBINER
ARRAY ANTENNA
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
93
MICROSTRIP connector
SMA – female
(jack)
94
MICROSTRIP – Advantages &
Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
• Much less expensive than traditional waveguide technology,
• well as being far lighter and more compact than waveguide.
DISADVANTAGES
Compare to waveguide;
• lower power handling capacity.
• higher losses.
• microstrip is not enclosed, and is
therefore susceptible to cross-talk
and unintentional radiation.
95
3.3 Know and understand Unguided Medium
96
UNGUIDED MEDIUM
97
Unguided Media: Wireless
98
Unguided Media: Wireless
99
Figure 3.16: Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication
100
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Microwave Band
104
Radio waves Propagation
Satellite Link
Li
n e-
k) of
p lin Ionosphere - Si
(u gh
t t
igh (d
-S Sky wave o
o f wn
e- lin
n k)
Li Ground wave
Line-of-Sight
105
Propagation Methods
106
i. Ground Waves
▪ Radio wave that propagates close to the surface of earth.
▪ The waves are diffracted by the figure of the earth due to
their low frequencies.
▪ Conductivity of the surface affects the propagation of ground
waves, with more conductive surfaces such as water
providing better propagation.
▪ Since the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground
waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface.
▪ Application:
- over-the-horizon radar
- AM long wave broadcasting
- amateur radio
107
ii. Sky Waves
▪ Sky wave is the propagation of electromagnetic waves bent
(refracted) back to the Earth's surface by the ionosphere.
▪ The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, where
neutral air is ionized by solar photons and cosmic rays.
▪ When radio waves reach the ionosphere at oblique incidence
they are bent downwards (refracted) in the ionized layer.
▪ Waves above 30 MHz usually penetrate the ionosphere and
are not returned to the Earth's surface.
▪ Application:
- Long distance (high frequency) radio communication.
- amateur radio
108
iii. Space Waves
▪ Radio wave that propagates a few meters from the earth
surface (troposphere ).
▪ Has two components;
i. Line-of-sight (wave propagates straight from Transmitter
antenna to Receiver antenna)
ii. Reflective wave
▪ Used in VHF band with frequency over 30MHz.
▪ The maximum distance between earth base stations is
determined by antenna height and the curvature of earth
surface because the high frequency wave propagates at line-of-
sight.
▪ Application:
▪ Long distance (high frequency) radio communication.
109
Radio Frequency Bands
110
3.4 Know and understand Antenna
111
ANTENNA
• Definition: an antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which
converts electric currents into electromagnetic waves and
vice versa.
• Any conducting material can becomes an antenna. However
an antenna is design to radiate or receive electromagnetic
wave with directional and polarization suitable for intend
application.
113
ANTENNA - Function
114
ANTENNA – Radiation Pattern
115
Types of ANTENNA
Omni-directional Antenna
• receive or radiate radio waves in all directions (360º)
• In cellular system, only one Omni-directional antenna is
used to cover 360º coverage.
• Usually used in macro-cell which has less subscriber.
Directional Antenna
• receive or radiate radio waves in one particular direction
• In cellular system, needs 3 directional(120º) antenna or 6
directional(60º) antenna to cover 360º coverage.
• Usually used in micro-cell which has more subscriber.
116
Figure 3.17: Omnidirectional antenna
117
Figure 3.18: Directional antennas
118
ANTENNA – Radiation Pattern
H-plane = E-plane
H-plane E-plane
120