Hole’s Human Anatomy

and Physiology
12th Edition

Chapter 2, pp. 51-55

Introduction to Chemistry, part
I

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-1
Chemical Basis of Life

Why study chemistry in an

Anatomy and Physiology class?

2-2
Matter
•takes up space + has weight
• solids, liquids and gases

•atom = smallest stable unit of matter

• different types of atoms form from different

elements

2-3
Elements
•92 naturally occurring elements
•additional created by man

•form all matter, both living and non-living

•26 elements found in humans

•each type of element is composed of chemically

identical atoms
• an atom is the smallest particle of an element

2-3
http://www.corrosionsource.com/handbook/periodic/periodic_table.gif
 Atomic Structure
Atoms - composed of
subatomic particles:
• protons
• + charge
• mass = 1
• neutrons
• no charge
• mass = 1
• electrons
• charge
• almost 0 mass

2-4
 Atomic Structure
Nucleus
• dense center of atom
• protons and neutrons

Orbiting the Nucleus

• electron cloud
• can remove or add
electrons to create ions
•ion = charged atom
•atom = electrically neutral
2-4
COMPARISON OF SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
Location Charge Mass Can transfer from one
atom to another?
Proton
Neutron
Electrons

An _____ has # protons = # electrons.

A) ion C) both A & B are correct
B) atom D) neither A nor B are correct

If an atom loses or gains an electron, is it electrically

neutral? What is it then named?
 Atomic Weight
 Atomic Weight
 # protons + # neutrons

 electrons do not contribute weight

 Ex. oxygen has 8 protons and 8 neutrons

 Atomic weight = O16
 Isotopes
 atoms have same number of protons but a
different number of neutrons
 same atomic number, different atomic weight

 ex. oxygen forms isotopes (O16, O17, O18)

 same element!

 How many protons in O16? O17? O18? How many

neutrons?
 unstable isotopes are radioactive and emit energy
– used in medicine and research
 Atomic Number Determines the Element
Atomic Number
• # protons
• each element has a unique atomic number

• will the number of protons in an atom also determine how

many electrons there are in an atom?
•f an atom has 9 protons, how many electrons will it have?

2-5
Electrons
• found in electron shells (energy shells)
• each shell holds a limited number of electrons
• 1st shell holds up to 2 electrons
• 2nd shell holds up to 8 electrons
• 3rd shell holds up to 8 electrons “Octet rule”
• lower shells are filled first
• outermost shell is known as the “valence” shell
• a full valence shell  stable atom (unreactive)
• unstable atoms will react with each other to form stable
compounds or molecules

•Will an unstable atom have a full valence shell?

2-8
____ _____ ____ ____ ____

____ _____ ____ ____ ____

Fill in the blanks for
H, C and Na

____ _____ ____ ____ ____

Molecules and Compounds
Molecule –when two or more atoms chemically
combine

Compound –when two or more atoms of different

elements chemically combine in defined proportions.

Molecular formulas – elements present and the

number of each atom present in the molecule
H2 C6H12O6 H2O

2-7
Concept Review
1. Which particle of the atom: 2

- can transfer from one atom to another?

- creates isotopes?
- has almost no mass?
- gives the atom its properties?
2. Which of the following are “stable” atoms?
3. What do you think will happen to each of the non-
stable atoms below?