General Chemistry

From Basics of Periodic Table to Chemical Bonding

Presented by Lhor Macero

Note: I recommend you having periodic table in your side to fully follow the lesson.
Group or Family
• is a column of elements
in the periodic table of
the chemical elements.
• There are 18 numbered
groups in the periodic
table.

Period or Series
• is a row of chemical
elements.
Valence Electrons
• is an electron in the outer
shell associated with an
atom, and that can
participate in the formation
of a chemical bond.

Valence Shell
• The outermost shell of any
atom.
 Block
• sets of elements
grouped by their 
valence electron
 orbitals.
• The periodic table is
divided into
four blocks depending
on the type of shells
being filled: s-block, p-
s-block = 2 electrons block, d-block, and f-
p-block = 6 electrons block.
d-block = 10 electrons
f-block = 14 electrons
Electron Configuration
• is the distribution of
electrons of an atom or
molecule in atomic or
molecular orbitals.
Describes how electrons
are distributed in its
atomic orbitals. 

Electron Configurations:
Carbon = 1s22s22p2
Fluorine = 1s22s22p5
Neon = 1s22s22p⁶
Carbon
Fluorine
Neon
1 8
No. of Valence Electrons
2 3 4 5 6 7
Octet Rule
• dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are
filled with eight electrons.
• Some elements are exceptions to octet rule which are the hydrogen,
helium, lithium, and beryllium. These elements follow “duet rule”
which the element is stable with only two valence electrons on its 1st
shell which is also its valence shell

Duet Rule Octet Rule

 Ion
• an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. It is
formed by the loss or gain of an electron by an atom. 

Cation (+)
• A positively charged ion. It has an extra one or more electron to lose or to give to another element to
be able to be stable and form ionic bond.
Examples: Na, Ca, Mg

Anion (-)
• a negatively charged ion. It lacks one or more electron, it needs to receive an electron from cation in
order for it to be stable and form ionic bond.
Examples: Cl, F, Br

An ionic bond is formed by the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another.
 +1
Oxidation No. for Ionic Bond
+2 +3 ±4 -3 -2 -1

Oxidation Number - number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom.
 +1
Oxidation No. for Ionic Bond
+2 +3 ±4 -3 -2 -1

IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

+1 +2 +3 ±4 -3 -2 -1
Oxidation Number - number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom.
Cation (+)
• A positively charged ion. It has an extra one or more electron to lose or to
give to another element to be able to be stable and form ionic bond.
• ALL METALS AND ONLY METALS are cations which has an extra one or
more electrons to give to anions for both atoms to become stable and form
ionic bond.
Anion (-)
• a negatively charged ion. It lacks one or more electron, it needs to receive
an electron from cation in order for it to be stable and form ionic bond.
• ALL NON-METALS AND ONLY NON-METALS like Metalloids/Semi Metals
and Halogens are anions which will receive the extra one or more electrons
from cations for both atoms to become stable and form ionic bond.
Anion (-)
Anion (-)
Anion (-)
 Ionic Bond
• is formed by the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to
another.

• A cation will give its extra one or more valence electrons to an anion to
be able for both elements to follow octet rule and become stable. It will
form a compound of metal and non-metal.

• Ionic bonding is always METAL TO NON-METAL to form ionic compound.

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 Ionic Bond/Metals and Nonmetals

Binary Compound – are composed of two elements.

Examples: calcium nitride, PbO, aluminum oxide, Mg3P2

Ternary Compound – contain atoms of three different elements.

Examples: calcium carbonate, Fe2(SO4)3, K2CO3, zinc phosphate

“In the next slide we will show the conversion of the examples above from chemical formula to chemical compound name and vice versa.”
 calcium nitride

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 PbO

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 aluminum oxide

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 Mg3P2

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 calcium carbonate

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 Fe2(SO4)3

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 K2CO3

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 K2CO3

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 zinc phosphate

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
Covalent Bond
• is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form
electron pairs between atoms.
• Also follows octet rule except for boron.
• Covalent bonding is always NON-METAL TO NON-METAL to form
covalent compound.

Examples: dichlorine heptoxide, P4S10, H2O, boron trifluoride

Covalent Bond
 dichlorine heptoxide

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 P4S10

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 H2O

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.
 boron trifluoride

Always Remember: Octet Rule - dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with eight electrons.