CHEMICAL

BONDING
FOR US TO FORM A COMPOUND,
THERE ARE DIFFERENT FORMS OF
BONDS WHICH CONNECT ATOMS
AND MOLECULES
 WHAT IS CHEMICAL BONDING?
Chemical bond is forces that hold one atom to another
in a compound
It also refers to the formation of a chemical bond
between two or more atoms, molecules, or ions to give
rise to a chemical compound. These chemical bonds
are what keep the atoms together in the resulting
compound.
3 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING

1.IONIC BOND
2.COVALENT BOND
3.METALLIC BOND
1.IONIC BOND
• Ionic Bonding: What does the word “ionic” mean?
Comes from the word ion meaning charged particle.
• Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose e-.
OCCURS BETWEEN A METAL AND NON-METAL ATOMS
(ELEMENTS)
• Formed when electrons are transferred between
atoms.
It also involves electron transfer
from a donor atom and a receiver
atom, causing the formation of
positively charged Cation (+) and
negatively charged Anion (-)
• Ionic bond is formed when electrons
are transferred between atoms to
become stable.
• How are atoms become stable?
An atom becomes stable; if the forces on
its sub-particles are balanced, in which
the electrons on the outermost energy
level is filled up
Energy level ( n) Maximum number of electrons

1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
STABLE ELEMENT
• Elements having the maximum
number of electrons that can be
accommodated in their last shell or
orbit are known as stable elements.
OCTET RULE
•The octet rule dictates that
atoms are most stable when
their valence
shells(outermost orbit) are
filled with eight electrons.
•From the word octet means
8
•This achieved by gaining or
losing electrons.
EXAMPLE OF IONIC BOND

Na Cl
Electrostatic Attraction ION – It is an atom or
molecule with a positive and
negative charge.
• Cation ( positive charge)
when electron was
diminished from atom
• Anion ( negative charge )
when electron was gained
by atom.
Transferring and Gaining of an
electron/s in Ionic Bonding
Atom with lower Atom with higher
number of number of
valence electron valence electron
will transfer will gain
respective respective
electrons electrons
 KEY CONCEPTS : IONIC BONDING

1. Occurs between a metal and non-metal elements.

2. Element with the lowest number of valence electron (Low
electronegativity) transfer the electrons to the element with a valence
electron near to 8 (High Electronegativity)
3. It forms IONS either :
 Cation – with positive charge ( + ) ; due to giving up of electrons
 Anion – with negative charge (-) ; due to gaining of electrons
2.COVALENT BOND
A covalent bond is formed when two
non-metal atoms bonded together by
sharing their electrons (in pairs) to
fulfill the octet rule and create a
molecule of an element or compound.
STEPS
1.Identify the number of atoms in each
element.
2.Add up the total number of valence
electrons.
3.Draw the Lewis dot structure
LONE PAIRS- Some of the electrons
did not participate in the formation
of a covalent bond. These are called
lone pairs.
 3 types of Covalent Bond
Single Bond(-) – atoms
share 1 pair of electrons.
Ex. F2 CL2 , HCL ,NH3 , C2H6
(ETHANE)
Double Bond (=)– atoms
share 2 pairs of electrons.
Ex. 02 , CO2 , C3H6O (acetone)
Triple Bond (≡)– 3 pairs of
electrons shared between atoms.
Ex. N2 , C2H2(ACETYLENE) ,
C2N2(CYANOGEN)