Chemical bonding

Chapter 22 Section 2
Pages 694-702
Chemical Bonding
 Bonding – attractions between atoms or ions

 There are several types of chemical bonds,

but we will discuss three of the strongest
types
 1. Covalent bonds
 2. Metallic bonds
 3. Ionic bonds
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds – bonds formed from atoms
sharing pairs of electrons

 Molecules formed this way: sugar, water

- NO charged particles / ions involved

- Sharing electrons between atoms

 Each atom “donates” one electron to the

shared pair
Covalent Bonds

- Two atoms can share up to 3 pairs of

electrons

 1 shared pair = single covalent bond

 2 shared pairs = double covalent bond
 3 shared pairs = triple covalent bond
Covalent Bonds
- Each shared pair represented as a line in a
structural formula

 Example: H-H
*this is a single covalent bond

**Goal of bonding is to fill the outer energy level

and become stable
 Covalent Bonds – Electron dot
diagrams
 Valence electrons – electrons in the
outermost energy levels of an atom

 Electron dot diagrams show the valence

electrons as dots surrounding the
chemical symbol
 The chemical symbol represents the
nucleus and all inner level electrons

Electron dot diagrams show only the electrons in the

outer energy level of an atom.
Covalent Bonds – Electron dot
diagrams
Each
hydrogen
shares one
pair of
electrons with
the oxygen
atom
 Metallic bonds
2. Metallic bond – Closely packed metal atoms

- Outer energy levels of metal atoms overlap

- Valence electrons can move and flow freely

throughout the substance

- Allows flexibility of material to bend

- Allows easy flow of electricity through material

Ionic Bonds
3. Ionic bond – bond between oppositely
charged ions, involving a total transfer of
electrons between atoms

- Ion – a charged particle

- Cations (which lose electrons and become

positively charged) bond to Anions (which
gain electrons and become negatively
charged)
Ionic Bonds

- One atom gains an electron(s) and one atom

loses an electron(s)

- The now oppositely charged ions are attracted

to each other due to magnetism

 Opposite charges attract

Ionic Bonds
• Ionic bonds usually are formed by bonding
between metals and nonmetals.
 Ionic Bonds
 One cation can bond to multiple (more than one) anion
Ionic Bonds
• When atoms form an ionic compound, their
electrons are shifted to the other atoms, but
the overall number of protons and electrons
of the combined atoms remains equal and
unchanged. Therefore, the compound is
neutral.
Ionic Bonds
- Ionic compounds are networks but there is a
basic ratio of cations to anions

 Formula unit – the basic ratio of ions

Example: NaCl  1 Na : 1 Cl