CHEMISTRY
THE IONIC BOND MODEL
Chemical Bond – attractive force that holds two atoms
together in a more complex unit
– Formed as a result of interactions between
electrons found in the combining atoms
 Ionic Bond – formed through the transfer of one
or more electrons from one atom or group of
atoms
 Ionic Compound – ionic bonds are present
– high melting points (500 C-2000 C)
– Good conductor of electricity in
liquid state
– Ions as its basic structural unit
– Always neutral
 Covalent Bond – formed through the sharing of
one or more pairs of electrons between the two
atoms
 Molecular Compound – covalent bonds are
present
– low melting points
– Do not conduct electricity
– Tend to be gases, liquids, and low
melting-point solids
Most bonds are not 100% ionic or covalent.
They have some degree of both ionic and
covalent character.
TWO FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
1. Not all electrons in an atom participate in
bonding.
2. Certain arrangements of electrons are more
stable than others, as explained by the octet
rule
Valence Electrons – electron in the outermost shell of a
representative elements or noble-gas elements
– Found in either s or p subshells
– Electrons that participate
Lewis Symbol – chemical symbol of an element
surrounded by dots equal in number to the number of
valence electrons present in the atoms of an element
– Gilbert Newton Lewis
– ”electron-dot structures”
THREE IMPORTANT GENERALIZATIONS (VALENCE-LEWIS
SYMBOLS)
1. Representative elements in the same group of
the periodic table have the same number of
valence electrons
2. The number of valence electrons for
representative elements is the same as the
Roman numeral periodic-table group number
3. The maximum number of valence electrons for
any element is eight
Octet Rule – certain arrangements of valence electrons
are more stable than others
– In forming compounds, atoms of elements
lose, gain, or share electrons in such a way
as to produce a noble-gas electron
configuration for each of the atoms
involved
The valence electron configurations of the
noble gases are considered the most stable of
all valence electron configurations
The noble gases are the most unreactive of all
the elements
Ion – an atom that is electrically charged as a result of
the loss or gain of electrons
– Gains electrons = negative charge
– Loses electrons = positive charge (a positive
charge is never caused by a proton gain but
always by an electron loss)
Atoms tend to gain/lose electrons until they
have obtained an electron configuration that is
the same as that of a noble gas
GUIDELINES IN ELECTRON LOSS AND GAIN
1. Metal atoms containing one, two, or three
valence electrons tend to lose electrons
2. Non-metal atoms containing five, six, or seven
valence electrons tend to gain electrons
3. Elements in Group IV-A occupy unique positions
relative to the noble gases (could gain or lose
four electrons)
Isoelectronic Species – series of ions/atoms containing
the same number and configuration of electrons
An ion that is isoelectronic with a noble gas
does not have the properties of the noble gas.
Ion formation requires a metal that can donate
electrons and a non-metal that can donate
electrons
The positive and negative ions simultaneously
formed from such electron transfer attract one
another
 CHEMISTRY
Lewis Structure – combination of Lewis symbols that
represents either the transfer or the sharing of
electrons in chemical bonds

The ratio in which the positive and negative ions

combine is the ratio that achieves charge
neutrality for having the resulting compound

WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS FOR IONIC

COMPOUNDS
1. The symbol for positive ions is always written
first
2. The charges on the ions that are present are not
shown in the formula
3. The subscripts in the formula give the
combining ratio for the ions

Solid Ionic Compounds – consists of positive and

negative ions arranged in such a way that each ion is
surrounded by nearest neighbors of the opposite
charge

Formula Unit – smallest whole-number repeating ratio

of ions present in an ionic compound that results in
charge neutrality
– Hypothetic because it does not exist as a
separate entity
– Chemical formulas for ionic compounds
represent the simplest ratio of ions present

Binary Compound – two elements are present

– Ionic and covalent bonds included
Binary Ionic Compounds – Metal to non-metal
– Metal = positive ion, non-metal = negative
ion
NAMING: Metal + Non-Metal + -ide
Ex. Calcium Oxide
The name of an ionic compound never contains
any reference to formula subscript numbers