John Dalton- he performed a number of experiments that eventually led to the acceptance of the

idea of atoms. Everything is composed of atoms, which are the indivisible building blocks of matter and
cannot be destroyed.

J.J Thomson,- an English Scientist, provided the first hint that an atom is made of even smaller particles.
He proposed a model of the atom that is sometimes called as “plum-pudding model”.

ERNEST RUTHERFORD- He reasoned that all atoms that are positively charged particles were contained
in the nucleus. Negatively charged particles were scattered outside the nucleus around the atom’s edge.

Familiarize the number of electrons that an orbitals can hold. As an atom gains electrons, they fill
different orbitals sets according to a specific order.

 The s orbital set contains single orbital that can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

 The p orbital set contains 3 orbitals, and thus can hold a total of 6 electrons.

 The d orbital set contains 5 orbitals, so it can hold 10 electrons.

 The f orbital set contains 7 orbitals, so it can hold 14 electrons.

ENERGY LEVEL,SUBLEVELS,ELECTRONS

 s subshell can hold maximum of 2 electrons

 p subshell can hold maximum of 6 electrons

 d subshell can hold maximum of 10 electrons

 f subshell can hold maximum of 14 electrons

CHEMICAL BOND- A bond results from the

attraction of nuclei for electrons

- All atoms are trying to achieve a stable octet.

- the protons (+) in one nucleus are attracted to the electrons (-) of another
atom
• Ionic Bonding
– forms ionic compounds
– transfer of valence e-
– Always formed between metal cations and non-metals anions
• Metallic Bonding- Always formed between 2 metals (pure metals)
-bond found in metals; holds metal atoms together very strongly
• Covalent Bonding-forms molecules sharing of valence e-
– Pairs of e- are shared between 2 non-metal atoms to acquire the electron configuration
of a noble gas.
• COVALENT BONDING- The atoms form a covalent bond by sharing their valence electrons to
get a stable octet of electrons.(filled valence shell of 8 electrons)
 • – also called molecular bond, it is a chemical bond that involves sharing of electron pairs
between atoms

• - It commonly occurs when two non –metals bond together

• Ionic bonds -Electronegativity (EN) difference of more

than 1.8, it is formed through complete transfer of
electron from one atom to another atom.
- It exists between metals and non – metals.

• Polar Covalent bonds -EN difference is between 0.4 and

1.8
• Non-Polar Covalent bonds -EN difference is less 0.4
-Electrons shared evenly in the bond
-when electrons are shared equally
-If the electronegativity difference is equal to 0.4 or less.
Valence electrons - contribute to an atom’s tendency to take part in chemical reactions.
- An atom with a closed shell, containing 8 electrons in its valence shell, is considered to
be chemically inert, as it hardly participates in chemical reactions.
-Noble gases are the least reactive because their outer energy levels are already full.
-The electrons of an atom that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds with
other atoms. They are the furthest electrons from the nucleus
Polar covalent bond- when electrons are shared but shared unequally
- If the electrovegativity is less than 1.9 and more than 0.4.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY- ability of atom to attract electrons in bond.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - Organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon atoms covalent
bonded to hydrogen atoms and other elements commonly oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous and
the halogens.
- This kind of atomic structure makes the carbon atom able to form four covalent bonds with atoms of
other elements and other carbon atoms.
-CARBON CAN ALSO BOND WITH ITSELF WHICH MAKES IT A UNIQUE ATOM
- THIS UNIQUENESS OF CARBON CAN PRODUCE NUMEROUS PRODUCTS

. Properties of Common Organic Compounds

 I. Phase of matter is the physical state of the material. This describes the physical property of
matter whether it is solid, liquid, or gas.
 II. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. If the viscosity is high, the flow of liquid is
slow or the liquid is thick.
 III. Volatility is the measure of the tendency of substance to evaporate or to turn into gaseous
state.
 IV. Flammability is the measure of how easily a material burn. In this activity, flammability of the
liquids will be measured based on the time it takes the wet cotton buds to finish burning.
Carbon atoms can also make many types of arrangements: single bond, double bond, and triple
bond.

HYDROCARBON

Hydrocarbon are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only. Hydrocarbons are
group into alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain a SINGLE bond.
Alkanes have the general formula of CnH2n+2
ALKENES- Alkenes are hydrocarbons at least one DOUBLE bond between Carbon atoms.
-It has a general formula of CnH2n
H—C═C—H
│ │
H H

ALKYNES-Alkynes are hydrocarbons at least one TRIPLE Covalent bond between Carbon Atoms.
It has a general formula of CnH2n – 2.
Alcohols are group of organic compounds that contain hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a
carbon atom. Its general formula is R-OH where R is an alkyl group.
Alcohols get their names by appending the suffix –ol to the hydrocarbon.

BUTANOL