ICSE Selina Solutions for Class 10

Chemistry
Chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding

Intext Questions
1. How do atoms attain noble gas configuration?
Ans: To attain noble gas configuration, atoms share, lose or gain electrons.

2. Define
(a) a chemical bond
Ans: A chemical bond can be defined as the force of attraction between any two
atoms in a molecule that keeps the molecule stable.
(b) an electrovalent bond
Ans: Electrovalent bond is defined as the bond formed between the two atoms by
the transfer of one or more electrons from an electropositive atom to an
electronegative atom. An electrovalent bond is also known as an ionic bond.
(c) a covalent bond
Ans: Covalent bond is formed due to the sharing of electrons.

3. What are the conditions for the formation of an electrovalent bond?

Ans: Conditions for the formation of electrovalent bond-
1. Atoms that form cations should have 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their valence shell
while the atoms forming anions should have 5, 6, or 7 electrons in their valence
shell.

2. There should be a high electronegativity difference between the atoms.

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3. Atom forming cations should have low ionization enthalpy i.e less energy
required to remove electrons from the valence shell. Atoms forming anions
should have a high electron affinity to gain the electron. There should be a net
release of energy.

4. There should be high lattice enthalpy.

4. An atom X has three electrons more than a noble gas configuration. What
type of ion will it form? Write the formula of its (i) Sulphate (ii) Nitrate (iii)
Phosphate (iv) carbonate (v) Hydroxide
Ans: It will form a cation: M3+
Sulphate: M2(SO4)3
Nitrate: M(NO3)3
Phosphate: M3(PO4)3
Carbonate: M2(CO3)3
Hydroxide: M(OH)3

5. Mention the basic tendency of an atom that makes it combine with other
atoms.
Ans: Atoms combine with other atoms to form a noble gas configuration.

6. The element X has an electronic configuration of 2,8,18,8,1. Without

identifying X
a) Predict the sign and charge on a sample ion of X.

Ans: Element X has the electronic configuration 2,8,18,8,1 and so has a tendency
to lose one electron and complete an octet, resulting in the formation of an X+ ion
with a charge of +1 in general.
b) Write whether X will be an oxidising agent or reducing agent and why?

Ans: X will be a reducing agent because it has the tendency to form cation.

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7. In the formation of compound XY2, an atom X gives one electron to each
Y atom, what is the nature of the bond in XY2? Draw the electron dot
structure of this compound?
Ans: Ionic bonds will form between X and Y.

8. An atom has 2, 8, 7 electrons in its shell. It combines with Y having 1

electron in its outermost shell.
(a) What type of bond will be formed between X and Y?
Ans: Ionic bond
(b) Write the formula of the compound formed.
Ans: XY

9. Explain with the help of the ionic equation and electron dot structural
diagram the formation of the following electrovalent compounds.
(i) NaCl
Ans:

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(ii) MgCl2

(iii) CaO

10. Compare:
(a) Sodium atom and sodium ion
(b) Chlorine atom and chlorine ion
With respect to
(i) Atomic structure
(ii) Electrical state
(iii) Chemical action and
(iv) toxicity

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Ans: a.

Sodium atom Sodium ion

Atomic structure Sodium atoms contain 11
electrons and 11 protons.
Electronic configuration-
2, 8, 1.
Outermost electron lies in
the M shell.
Electrical state It is electrically neutral.
Chemical action Reactive
Toxicity Poisonous
Sodium ions contain 10
electrons, and 11 protons.
Electronic configuration-
2, 8.
Outermost 8 electrons lie
in the L shell.
It is a positively charged
ion.
Chemically inert.
Non poisonous

(b) Chlorine atom and chlorine ion

Chlorine atom Chlorine ion

Atomic structure It contains 17 electrons and It contains 18 electrons and 17
17 protons. protons.
Electronic configuration- Electronic configuration 2,8,8
2,8,7
Electrical state It is electrically neutral. It is a negatively charged ion.

Chemical action Highly reactive It is chemically inert.

Toxicity Chlorine gas is poisonous. Non- poisonous.

11. The electronic configuration of fluoride ions is the same as that of a neon
atom. What is the difference between the two?
Ans: Fluorine atoms gain one electron to form fluoride ions or to attain noble gas
configuration. So fluorine ions are negatively charged while neon is neutral.

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12. State which of the following are reduction reactions and which are
oxidation
(i) Pb2+ + 2e- → Pb
Ans: Reduction reaction (As this reaction shows the gain of electrons).
(ii) Fe2+ - e- → Fe3+
Ans: Oxidation reaction (As this reaction shows the loss of electron).
(iii) A3+ + e-1→ A2+
Ans: Reduction reaction (As this reaction shows the gain of electrons).
(iv) Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-
Ans: Oxidation reaction (As this reaction shows the loss of electrons).

13. What do you understand about redox reactions? Explain oxidation and
reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons.
Ans: Redox reactions are defined as the reactions where oxidation and reduction
takes place simultaneously.
Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons while reduction is defined as the gain
of electrons.

14. Divide the following redox reactions into oxidation and reduction half-
reactions.
i. Zn+Pb2+→Zn2++Pb
Ans: Zn→Zn2++2e- (Oxidation)
Pb2++2e-→Pb (Reduction)
ii. Zn+Cu2+→Zn2++Cu
Ans: Zn→Zn2++2e- (Oxidation)
Cu2++2e-→Cu (Reduction)
iii. Cl2+2Br-→Br2+2Cl-

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Ans: Cl2+2e-→2Cl- (Reduction)
2Br-→Br2+2e- (oxidation)
iv. Sn2++2Hg2+→Sn4++Hg22+
Ans: Sn2+→ Sn4+ + 2e- (Oxidation)
2Hg2+ + 2e-→ Hg2 (Reduction)
v. 2Cu+→Cu+Cu2+
Ans: Cu+→ Cu2+ + e- (Oxidation)
Cu+ + e- →Cu (Reduction)

15. Potassium (Atomic No. 19) and chlorine (Atomic No. 17) react to form a
compound. On the basis of electronic concept, explain
i. Oxidation
Ans: Potassium undergoes oxidation as it loses an electron.
ii. Reduction
Ans: Chlorine undergoes reduction as it gains an electron.
iii. oxidising agent
Ans: Chlorine acts as an oxidising agent.
iv. Reducing agent
Ans: Potassium acts as a reducing agent

Intext Questions
1. What are the conditions necessary for the formation of covalent
molecules?
Ans: Both atoms, i.e. non-metals, should have four or more electrons in their
outermost shells.
(ii) The electronegativity of both atoms should be high.

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(iii) The electron affinity and ionisation potential of both atoms should be high.
(iv) The difference in electronegativity between the two atoms should be zero or
minimal.
(v) The atoms proximity to one another should be followed by a decrease in
energy.

2. Elements A, B, and C have atomic numbers 17, 19, and 10 respectively.

(a) State which one is:
(i) A non-metal
Ans: A is a non metal.
(ii) A metal
Ans: B is a metal
(iii) Chemically inert?
Ans: C is chemically inert
(b) Write down the formula of the compound formed by two of the above
elements.
Ans: AB

3. Draw the electron dot diagram and structure of:

a. nitrogen molecule
Ans:

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b. magnesium chloride
Ans:

c. methane
Ans:

4. What is the difference between:

(a) Ionic compounds and polar covalent compounds
Ans:

Ionic compounds Polar covalent compounds

Ionic compounds are formed as a result A polar covalent compound is the one in
of the transfer of one or more electrons which there is an unequal distribution of
from the atom of a metallic electrons between the two atoms.
electropositive element to an atom of a
non-metallic electronegative element.

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(b) Ionic compounds and covalent compounds
Ans:

Ionic compounds Covalent compounds

Ionic compounds are made up of ions. Covalent compounds are made up of
They are generally crystalline solids molecules. They exist as soft solids or
with high melting and boiling points. liquids or gases with low melting and
boiling points.
They are soluble in water and good They are generally insoluble in water
conductors of electricity in aqueous and poor conductors of electricity.
solution and molten state.

(c) A polar covalent compound and a nonpolar covalent compound?

Ans:

Polar covalent compound Non polar covalent compound

Polar covalent compounds are formed Non-polar compounds are formed when
between 2 non-metal atoms that have two identical non-metals equally share
different electro negativities and electrons between them.
therefore have unequal sharing of the
bonded electron pair.

5. A solid is crystalline, has a high melting point and is water soluble.

Describe the nature of the solid.
Ans: Because the oppositely charged ions are bound closely together by strong
intermolecular forces of attraction, the solid is ionic in nature, which explains its
high melting point and water solubility.

6. What do you understand about dipole (polar) compounds? Explain it by

taking hydrogen chloride as an example.

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Ans: A dipole molecule possesses a slight positive as well as a slight negative
charge. Hydrogen has a small positive charge in HCl, while chlorine has a slight
negative charge. The dipole moment of the HCl molecule is 1.03 D, which is
written as:

7. a. Explain the bonding in methane molecules using the electron dot

structure.
Ans:

No. of electrons needed for

Electronic Nearest stable electronic
Atom
configuration noble gas configuration of a nearest
noble gas
Carbon 12
6C [2,4] Neon [2,8] Carbon needs 4 electrons to
complete the octet.

Hydrogen 1
1H [1] Helium [2] Hydrogen needs 1 electron to
complete the duplet.

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b. The methane molecule is a nonpolar molecule. Explain.
Ans: Methane is a nonpolar molecule as electrons are equally distributed between
carbon and hydrogen so there is no charge separation and hence the atom is
electrically neutral and symmetrical.

8. Give the characteristic properties of:

(a) Electrovalent compounds
Ans:
1. They possess electrovalent linkage, which is formed by the movement of
electrons from one atom to another; these compounds only have one bond.

2. The majority of electrovalent substances exist in solid form. They have a high
melting and boiling point.

3. They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents such as benzene,
ether, and others.

4. Ions make up the crystals of electrovalent substances.

5. In solution and molten state, they are good conductors of electricity.

6. They are very polar and ionise when exposed to water.

KCl → K++ Cl-

(b) Covalent compounds
Ans:
1. They have a covalent bond produced by the mutual sharing of electrons
between the two atoms. These mixtures contain single, double, and triple bonds.

2. Solid, liquid, and gaseous phases are the most common states for covalent
compounds. They are volatile and soft.

3. They are soluble in organic solvents but in water they are insoluble or only
slightly soluble.

4. Molecules make up the crystals of covalent compounds.

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5. In solution, as well as in molten or fusion states, they are poor conductors of
electricity.

6. These compounds frequently have low melting and boiling points.

9. a. State the type of bond is formed when the combining atoms have:
i. zero E.N. difference
Ans: Non polar covalent
ii. small E.N. difference
Ans: Polar covalent
iii. large E.N. difference
Ans: Ionic bond
b. State the type of bond formed and draw Lewis structure of
i. water
Ans: Covalent bond

ii. calcium oxide

Ans: Ionic bond

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10. Explain the following:
a. Electrovalent compounds conduct electricity.
Ans: Electrovalent compounds in the fused or aqueous state are good conductors
of electricity because electrostatic forces of attraction between ions in the solid
state are very strong, whereas these forces weaken in the fused or aqueous state.
As a result, ions become mobile.
b. Electrovalent compounds have a high melting point and boiling point,
while covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
Ans: The atoms of covalent compounds are tightly linked to each other, but the
molecules are not very strongly attracted to other molecules in the compound.
Electrovalent compounds, on the other hand, have atoms (ions) that have a
significant attraction to other ions in their vicinity. For covalent solids, this results
in low melting temperatures, while for electrovalent solids, it results in high
melting points.
c. Electrovalent compounds dissolve in water, whereas covalent compounds
do not.
Ans: The ions of electrovalent compounds interact with polar water mo;ecule
which makes them dissolve in water whereas covalent compounds do not contain
ions which makes them water insoluble.
d. Electrovalent compounds are usually hard crystals yet brittle.
Ans: Electrovalent compounds are often hard crystals that seem to be brittle due
to strong electrostatic forces of attraction between their ions that make them
difficult to separate.
e. Polar covalent compounds conduct electricity.
Ans: They conduct electricity due to the presence of free ions in molten state.
f. Water is a polar covalent molecule.
Ans: Because of the unequal distribution of electrons among the atoms and the
molecule's asymmetrical form, a water molecule has two poles: a positive charge
on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole(side).

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 11. Elements X, Y, and Z have atomic numbers 6, 9, and 12, respectively.
Which one
a. forms an anion
Ans: Y will form an anion
b. forms a cation
Ans: Z will form a cation
c. State the type of bond between Y and Z and give its molecular formula.
Ans: ZY2

12. Taking MgCl2 as an electrovalent compound and CCl4 as a covalent

compound, gives four differences between electrovalent and covalent
compounds.
Ans:

Electrovalent compound(MgCl2) Covalent compound(CCl4)

They are hard crystalline solids These are gases or liquid or soft solids
consisting of ions.
They have high melting and boiling They have low melting and boiling
points. points.
They conduct electricity in the fused or They do not conduct electricity in the
aqueous state solid, motion or aqueous state.
These are soluble in inorganic solvent Covalent compounds are soluble in
but insoluble in organic solvent. organic solvents but insoluble in water.

13. Potassium chloride is an electrovalent compound, while hydrogen

chloride is a covalent compound. But both conduct electricity in their
aqueous solution. Explain
Ans: Because the electrostatic forces of attraction weaken in the fused state or in
aqueous solution, potassium chloride is an electrovalent chemical that transmits
electricity in the molten state.

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Hydrogen chloride, for example, is a polar covalent molecule that ionises in
solution and can behave as an electrolyte. In their aqueous solutions, both can
conduct electricity.

14. a. Draw the electron dot structure of covalent compound methane (non-
polar) and HCl (polar) and give two differences between them.
Ans: Structure of methane

Electron dot structure of HCl

Difference between methane and HCl

Methane HCl
Methane is a covalent molecule where HCl is a polar covalent molecule where
the electrons are equally distributed the shared pair of electrons are shifted
between the carbon and hydrogen. towards the electronegative atom
chlorine.
It is electrically neutral. Due to the difference in electro
negativities Cl possesses a partial
negative charge and hydrogen attains a
partial positive charge.

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b. Name two compounds that are covalent when taken pure but produce ions
when dissolved in water.
Ans: Hydrochloric acid and ammonia are the two covalent compounds. They are
covalent in pure state but when dissolved in water, they generate ions.
c. For each compound mentioned above give the formulae of ions formed in
aqueous solution.
Ans: HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-
NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
15. An element M burns in oxygen to form an ionic bond MO. Write the
formula of the compounds formed if this element is made to combine with
chlorine and sulphur separately.
Ans: Since M combines with O to form MO so its valency will be +2.
Formula with chlorine- MCl2
Formula with sulphur- MS

16. Element A has 2 electrons in its M shell. Element B has the atomic
number 7.
(a) Write equations to show how A and B form ions.
Ans: A→A2++2e-
B+3e-→B3-
(b) If B is a diatomic gas, write the equation for the direct combination of A
and B to form a compound.
Ans: 6A+2B2→2A3B2
(c) If the compound formed between A and B is melted and an electric
current is passed through the molten compound, then element A will be
obtained at the _________ and B at the ________ of the electrolytic cell.
Ans: Cathode, Anode

Exercise Questions

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1. Define a coordinate bond and give conditions for its formation.
Ans: A coordinate bond is a bond established between two atoms by sharing a
pair of electrons that are provided totally by one of the combining atoms but
shared by both. It's illustrated by an arrow that starts with the donor atoms and
ends with the acceptor.
Conditions:
1. At least one lone pair of electrons must exist in one of the two atoms.
2. At least one lone pair of electrons should be missing from another atom.
The two lone pairs of electrons in the oxygen atom of water are used to create a
coordination bond with the hydrogen ion, which is lacking an electron, resulting
in the hydronium ion.

2. What do you understand about a lone pair of electrons?

Ans: A lone pair of electrons is a pair of electrons that are not shared with any
other atom. It is given to the other atom in order to build a coordinate bond.

3. State the type of bonding in the following molecules:

a. Water
Ans: Polar covalent bond
b. Calcium oxide
Ans: Ionic bond
c. Hydroxyl ion
Ans: O and H possess a single covalent bond
d. Methane
Ans: Covalent bond
e. Ammonium ion
Ans: Coordinate bond

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f. Ammonium chloride
Ans: Electrovalent bond, dative bond (or coordinate bond) and covalent bond

4. (a) Draw an electron dot diagram to show the structure of each of the
following:
(i) Hydronium ions
Ans:

(ii) Ammonium ion

Ans:
(iii) Hydroxyl ion
Ans:

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(b) Give two examples in each case:
(i) Co-ordinate bond compounds
Ans: Ammonium Ion and hydronium ion
(ii) Solid covalent compounds
Ans: Phosphorus pentachloride and diamond
(iii) Gaseous polar compounds
Ans: Hydrogen chloride and water vapour
(iv) Gaseous non-polar compounds
Ans: Oxygen gas and nitrogen gas
(v) Liquid non-polar compounds
Ans: Toluene and Gasoline

5. Element M forms a chloride with the formula MCl2 which is a solid with
high melting point. M would most likely be in the group in which ______ is
placed.
(a) Na (b) Mg (c)Al (d) Si
Ans: (b)Mg

6. Complete the following:

Sodium Phosphorus Carbon

Formula of chloride

Nature of bonding

Physical state of chloride

Ans:

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 Sodium Phosphorus Carbon

Formula of chloride NaCl PCl5 CCl4

Nature of bonding Ionic Covalent Covalent

Physical state of chloride Solid Solid Liquid

7. a. How many atoms of each kind are present in the following molecules:
calcium oxide, chlorine, water, carbon tetrachloride?
Ans: CaO - 1 calcium atom + 1 oxygen atom
Cl2 - 2 chlorine atoms
H2O - 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom
CCl4 - 1 carbon atom + 4 chlorine atoms
b. How many electrons are required by each atom mentioned in (a) to attain
the nearest noble gas configuration?
Ans: Ca - will donate two electrons
O - will accept two electrons
Cl - will accept one electron, so two Cl atoms will share an electron pair.
C - will accept four electrons by sharing electron pairs with hydrogen forming
covalent bonds.
H - will donate one electron by sharing an electron pair with carbon.

8. Complete the following:

(a) When the nuclei of two reacting atoms are of _____ mass, then a bond so
formed is called _____covalent bond. (Equal, unequal, polar, non -polar).
Ans: Unequal, polar

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(b) In case of non-polar covalent bond, the covalent bond is formed in the
_____of atoms and shared electrons are distributed _____. (Corner, middle,
equally, unequally).
Ans: Middle, equally
(c) Ionic or electrovalent compounds do not conduct electricity in their
…………… state. (Fused/solid)
Ans: Solid
(d) The ions in ______ compounds are held very strongly due to strong
_______ forces. (electrovalent, covalent, electromagnetic, electrostatic)
Ans: Electrovalent, electrostatic

9. a. Compound X consists of molecules.

Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer from the options A, B,
C and D given below:
i. The type of bonding in X will be
A. ionic
B. electrovalent
C. covalent
D. molecular
Ans: (C) covalent

ii. X is likely to have a

A. low melting point and high boiling point
B. high melting point and low boiling point
C. low melting point and low boiling point
D. high melting point and high boiling point
Ans: (C) low melting point and low boiling point

Class X Chemistry www.vedantu.com 22

iii. In the liquid state, X will
A. become ionic
B. be an electrolyte
C. conduct electricity
D. not conduct electricity
Ans: (D) not conduct electricity

10. a. Electrons are getting added to an element Y:

i. Is Y getting oxidised or reduced?
Ans: Reduced
ii. What charge will Y migrate to during the process of electrolysis?
Ans: Y will migrate to cathode

b. Acids dissolve in water and produce positively charged ions. Draw the
structure of these positive ions.
Ans: Structure of hydronium ion:

c. Explain why carbon tetrachloride does not dissolve in water.

Ans: It is a nonpolar covalent molecule and hence does not dissolve in water.

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11. a. Elements Q and S react together to form an ionic compound. Under
normal conditions, which physical state will the compound QS exist in?
Ans: QS will exist in solid state at normal conditions as they react together to
form an ionic compound.
b. Can Q and S both be metals? Justify your answer.
Ans: No they both can't be metals because formation of ionic bond takes place
between metals and non-metal where the electron lost by metal is accepted by
non-metal.
c. The property which is characteristic of an electrovalent compound is that:
A. It is easily vaporized
B. It has a high melting point
C. It is a weak electrolyte
D. It often exists as liquid
Ans: B. It has a high melting point
d. When a metal atom becomes an ion
A. It loses electron and gets oxidized
B. It gains electron and is reduced
C. It gains electron and gets oxidized
D. It loses electron and is reduced
Ans: A. It loses electron and gets oxidized

12. a. In the formation of magnesium chloride (by direct combination

between magnesium and chloride), name the substance that is oxidized and
the substance that is reduced.
Ans: Magnesium oxidises and chlorine reduces during the formation of
magnesium chloride.
b. What are the terms defined below?

Class X Chemistry www.vedantu.com 24

(i) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons, each bonding atom
contributing one electron to the pair.
Ans: Covalent bond
(ii) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming
from the same atom.
Ans: Coordinate bond

2009
a. The one which is composed of all the three kinds of bonds [ionic, covalent
and coordinate bonds] is
A. Sodium chloride
B. Ammonia
C. Carbon tetrachloride
D. Ammonium chloride
Ans: D. Ammonium chloride
b. Draw the structural formula of carbon tetrachloride and state the type of
bond present in it.
Ans:

A single covalent bond is present.

2010

Class X Chemistry www.vedantu.com 25

a. Select the correct answer from A, B, C and D. Metals lose electrons during
ionisation _____. This change is called
A. Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Redox
D. Displacement
Ans: A. Oxidation

b. Select the right answer.

i. Sodium chloride _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent and
coordinate bond.
Ans: Ionic bond
ii. Ammonium ion _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent and
coordinate bond.
Ans: Covalent and coordinate bond
iii. Carbon tetrachloride _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent and
coordinate bond.
Ans: Covalent bond

2011
a. i. In covalent compounds, the bond is formed due to …………… [sharing/
transfer] of electrons.
Ans: Sharing
ii. Electrovalent compounds have a ……….. [low/high] boiling point.
Ans: High
iii. A molecule of ……………. contains a triple bond. [hydrogen, ammonia,
nitrogen].

Class X Chemistry www.vedantu.com 26

Ans: Nitrogen

b. By drawing an electron dot diagram, show the lone pair effect leading to
the formation of ammonium ions from ammonia gas and hydrogen ion.
Ans:

c. Give reasons. Hydrogen chloride can be termed a polar covalent

compound.
Ans: HCl is a covalent compound as the bond is formed between hydrogen and
chlorine by sharing of electrons. Since chlorine is more electronegative than
hydrogen, chlorine has the tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons towards
itself giving chlorine a partial negative charge and hydrogen a partial positive
charge leading to the formation of polar covalent bonds.

2012
a. Draw an electron dot diagram of the structure of hydronium ion. State the
type of bonding present in it.
Ans:

Class X Chemistry www.vedantu.com 27

Covalent and coordinate bond
b. There are three elements E, F, G with atomic number 19, 8 and 17,
respectively. Give the molecular formula of the compound formed between
E and G and state the type of chemical bond in this compound.
Ans: E = 19
F=8
G= 17
Molecular formula: EG
Chemical bond: Ionic bond

2013
a. A chemical term for a bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both
electrons coming from the same atom.
Ans: Coordinate or dative bond
b. Among the compounds, identify the compound that has all three bonds
[ionic, covalent and coordinate bond].
A. Ammonia
B. Ammonium chloride
C. Sodium hydroxide
D. Calcium chloride
Ans: B. Ammonium chloride
c. State which is not a typical property of an ionic compound.
A. High m.p.
B. Conducts electricity in molten and aqueous state
C. Are insoluble in water
D. Exist as oppositely charged ions even in the solid state

Class X Chemistry www.vedantu.com 28

Ans: C. Are insoluble in water
d. Compare carbon tetrachloride and sodium chloride with regard to
solubility in water and electrical conductivity.
Ans:

Carbon tetrachloride Sodium chloride

It is insoluble in water but soluble in It is soluble in water but insoluble in

organic solvents. organic solvents.
It is not a good conductor of electricity It conducts electricity in molten or fused
due to the absence of ions. state but not in solid state.

2014
a. Compound 'X' consists of only molecules. 'X' will have ______
A. Crystalline hard structure
B. A low m.p. and low b.p.
C. An ionic bond
D. A strong force of attraction between its molecules
Ans: B. A low m.p. and low b.p.
b. The molecule which contains a triple covalent bond is
A. ammonia
B. methane
C. water
D. nitrogen
Ans: D. nitrogen
c. Give one word or phrase for the following: Formation of ions from
molecules.
Ans: Ionisation

Class X Chemistry www.vedantu.com 29

d. Give reason why covalent compounds exist as gases, liquids or soft solids.
Ans: These exist as gases or liquids or soft solids because they have weak forces
of attraction between their molecules.

2016
a) The following table shows the electronic configuration of the elements W,
X, Y, Z:
Element W X Y Z
Electronic configurations 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7 2, 5 1

Answer the following questions based on the table above:

(i) What type of Bond is formed between:
1. W and X
Ans: W will lose one electron while X will gain one electron to attain noble gas
configuration. Hence ionic bonds will form between W and X.
2. Y and Z
Ans: Z and Y required one electron to attain stable configuration. Hence covalent
bond is formed between Y and Z.
(ii) What is the formula of the compound formed between:
1. X and Z
Ans: ZX
2. W and X
Ans: XW

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