CHAPTER # 5 CHEMICAL BONDING

CHAPTER # 5

CHEMICAL BONDING

BONDS:
“The attractive force which binds two or more atoms of the same or elements is called Chemical
bond”.
OR
“The force of attraction which holds the unstable atoms together in the form of a molecule or
ions in a crystal is called chemical bond”.
Chemical bond is an example of intra molecular force. Intra molecular force joins unstable atoms
to form a molecule.
REASON FOR BONDING (FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BOND):
The atoms of noble gases (Group VIII) have their outermost shells completely filled but rest of
the elements need to complete their outermost shells. This necessity leads Chemical Bonding.
Atoms of different elements tend to acquire their octet (eight electrons) or duplet (two electrons)
in the outermost shell in different ways. They may tend to:
i. Lose of Electrons ii. Gain of Electrons. iii. Sharing of Electrons.
TYPES OF THE CHEMICAL BOND:
There are two main types of chemical bonds:
a. Ionic Bond. b. Covalent Bond.
a. IONIC BOND OR ELECTROVALENT BOND:
“The chemical bond formed by the complete transference of one or more electrons between
two or more atoms is called Electrovalent Bond or Ionic Bond”.
OR
“The force of attraction which holds the oppositely charged ions together is called an Ionic
Bond or Electrovalent Bond”.
Explanation:
When a metal reacts with a non metal, an ionic bond is formed. Metals have less value of
their electro-negativities than non metals. So the metal atom releases its electron(s) equal to
its valency from its outermost shell while the non metal atom gains this electron in its
valence shell. As a result, positive (+ve) and negative (-ve) ions are formed respectively.
These oppositely charged ions are then held together by an electrostatic force of attraction.
This force of attraction is called electrovalent or ionic bond.
Example # 1: Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Sodium has one electron in its valence shell. So it loses one electron and Na + (Sodium ion) is
formed. Chlorine atom has seven electrons in its valence shell. So it picks the electron and
Cl- (Chlorine ion) is formed. In this way, both ions acquire eight electrons in their outermost
shells.

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Na Na+ + e-
(K2L8M1) (K2L8)
Cl + e- Cl-
(K2L8M7) (K2L8 M8)
Na+ + Cl- NaCl

These oppositely charged ions are held together by electrostatic force of attraction. In this way
sodium chloride is formed.
Example # 2: Formation of Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
Magnesium has two electrons in its valence shell. So, it loses two electrons and Mg +2
(magnesium ion) is formed while oxygen atom has six electrons in its valence shell. So, it
picks the electrons and O-2 (oxide ion) is formed. In this way both acquire eight electrons in
their outermost shells.
Mg 2e- + Mg+2 (Magnesium ion)
(K2L8M2) (K2L8)
O + 2e- O-2 (Oxide ion)
(K2L6) (K2L8)
Mg+2 + O-2 MgO (Magnesium oxide)
These oppositely charged ions are held together by electrostatic force of attraction. In this
way Magnesium oxide is formed.
Note: If the difference of E.N. between the bonded atoms is 1.7 or more, then bond is
ionic bond.
Properties of Ionic Compounds:
1. Ionic compounds are made up of oppositely charged ions with the strongest bonding
force that is why they are crystalline solids.
2. They have high melting and boiling points.
3. They are soluble in water (polar solvents) but insoluble in non polar solvents.
4. They are non volatile.
5. They are electrolytes in the fused (molten) state and in an aqueous solution due to free
movement of the ions, but they are bad conductors in the solid state as the ions are not
free to move.

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Effects of Ionization Energy on Ionic Bond:

“The amount of energy which is required to remove electrons(s) from the valence shell of a
metal atom in gaseous state is called ionization energy”.
Elements of group I-A and II-A have low ionization energies so they lose electron(s) more
easily to form Cations. Hence, these metals have the strongest tendency to form ionic bonds
with other elements (non metals).
Effect of Electronegativity on Ionic Bond:
“The tendency of an atom to attract electrons is called electronegativity”.
Elements of group VI-A and VII-A have high values of electronegativity. They gains
electron(s) more easily to form Anions. Hence, these non metals have the strongest tendency
to form ionic bonds with other elements (metals).
b. COVALENT BOND:
“The chemical bond formed by the mutual sharing of electrons is called Covalent Bond”.
The idea of electron pair bond (covalent bond) was first introduced in 1916 by G. N. Lewis.
Explanation:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of electrons between non metals. It is geerally
represented by a short straight line ( ) between two bonded atoms. Each electron pair is
attracted by the nuclei of bonded atoms.
Example:
In a molecule of Methane, Carbon forms four single covalent bonds with four atoms of
Hydrogen. Carbon and Hydrogen atoms get their outer most shells filled.
C + 4H CH4

Types of Covalent Bond:

There are three types of covalent bond:
1. Single Covalent Bond 2. Double Covalent Bond 3. Triple Covalent Bond
1. Single Covalent Bond:
A covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of one electron pair is called
single covalent bond. It is denoted by single short line ( ).
For Example: H2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, H2O, NH3, CH4, C2H6, etc.
Example:
When two atoms of chlorine combine then one one electron is shared between them.
In this way each atom of chlorine has obtained eight electrons in its outermost shell.

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Cl + Cl Cl Cl
OR Cl + Cl Cl2
2. Double Covalent Bond:
A covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of two electrons pair is called
double covalent bond. It is denoted by two short lines ( ).
Example # 1:
When two atoms of oxygen combine then two two electrons are shared between them.
In this way each atom of oxygen has obtained eight electrons in its outermost shell.

O + O O O

OR O + O O2
Example # 2:
Ethane is an organic compound, which is formed when atoms of carbon combine then
two two electrons are shared between them while remaining electron are shared by
hydrogen atoms.

3. Triple Covalent Bond:

A covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of three electron pair called triple
covalent bond. It is denoted by three short lines ( ).
e.g.: N2, CN(Cyanide), C2H2 (Ethyne), etc.
Example # 1:
When two atoms of nitrogen combine then three three electrons are shared between
them. In this way each atom of nitrogen has obtained eight electrons in outermost shell.

N + N N N
OR N + N N2
Example # 2:
Ethyne is an organic compound which is formed when two atoms of carbon combine then
three three electrons are shared between them while remaining electrons are shared by
hydrogen atoms.
H C C H
NATURE OF COVALENT BOND:
There are two different natures of covalent bond:

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a. Polar Covalent Bond. b. Non Polar Covalent Bond.

a. Polar Covalent Bond:
“The covalent bond formed by the mutual and unequal sharing of electron between the
different atoms of non metals having different electro-negative is called Polar Covalent Bond”.
Examples:
H + Cl HCl
In case of Hydrogen chloride, Chlorine atom is more electronegative than hydrogen atom,
hence the shared pair of electrons is attracted more towards the chlorine atom and
chlorine atom attains slightly negative charge while hydrogen attains slightly positive
charge. That is why HCl is a polar compound.
Explanation:
When a covalent bond is formed between two dissimilar atoms, the shared pair of
electron is always attracted towards more electronegative atom. Hence that atom attains
slightly negative charge and other atom attains slightly positive charge. These atoms are
called negative pole and positive pole respectively. Such compounds are polar
compounds and the bonds are called polar bonds.
Note: If the difference of E.N. between the bonded atoms is upto 1.7 then the bond is
polar covalent bond.
e.g.: HCl, H2O, NH3, HF, etc.
b. Non Polar Covalent Bond:
“The covalent bond formed by the mutual and equal sharing of electron between the same
atoms of non metals is called Non Polar Covalent Bonds”.
Explanation:
When a covalent bond is formed between two similar atoms, the shared pair of electrons
is always attracted equally between the nuclei of atoms. Hence that molecule is
electrically neutral i.e. without any pole (charge) and such substances are called Pure
Covalent Molecules or Non Polar Compounds.
Note: If the difference of E.N. between the bonded atoms is 0.4 to 0.0, the bond is Non
Polar Covalent Bonds.
e.g.: H2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, N2, O2 these are examples of pure covalent molecules while
CH2, C2H4, C2H6, C2H2, CO2 are examples of non polar covalent molecules.
PROPERTIES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS:
i. Covalent compounds are made up of discrete units (molecules) with weak intermolecular forces.
ii. They have low melting and boiling points due to weak Vander waal’s force between the
molecules.
iii. They are insoluble in water (polar covalent) but soluble in non polar (organic) solvents like
petrol, benzene etc.
iv. They are volatile.
v. They are non electrolytes. They are bad conductors or insulators because they do not conduct
electricity.
DOT AND CROSS MODELS AND LEWIS FORMULAE:

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Models and formulae are used to express covalent bonding. Some time with the help of dots and
crosses, sharing of electrons is represented. Lewis also gave a method to represent the sharing, it
is called Lewis formula.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IONIC AND COVALENT BOND:

IONIC COMPOUND
1. Ionic compounds are usually crystalline
solids, hard and brittle.
2. Ionic compounds are soluble in polar
solvent like water but insoluble in non polar
solvents like petrol, benzene.
3. Ionic compounds have high melting and
boiling points.
4. Ionic compounds are non volatile.
5. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity
in the solid state but they are good
conductors of electricity in the fused state or
in aqueous solution.
i.e. they are electrolytes.
COVALENT COMPOUND
1. Covalent compounds exist in all the three
states i.e. solid, liquid and gas.
2. Covalent compounds are insoluble in polar
solvents like water but soluble in non polar
solvents like petrol, benzene.
3. Covalent compounds have low melting and
boiling points.
4. Covalent compounds are volatile.
5. A pure covalent bond does not conduct
electricity. Only polar covalent compounds
can conduct electricity in their aqueous
solutions.
i.e.: they are non-electrolytes.

DIPOLE – DIPOLE INTERACTION (Dipole – Dipole Attraction):

“The intermolecular force of attraction present between the polar molecules is called Dipole –
Dipole Interaction”.
In a polar covalent molecule, each atom carries partial positive and partial negative charge so a
polar molecule contains dipole (two types of charges). In such bond, partial positive end attracts
partial negative end of the neighboring molecule.
The strength of attraction depends on the difference between the electro-negativities of the
atoms, which form the polar bond. The greater the difference in E.N. value the stronger the
polarization of the bond and greater the dipole – dipole interaction.

THE HYDROGEN BOND:

“The intermolecular force in polar molecules containing Hydrogen atom, covalently bonded to
atom of higher electronegative elements such as N, O, F, etc is called Hydrogen Bond”.

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OR
“The dipole – dipole force of attraction between two polar molecules in which Hydrogen atom is
present with the partial positive charge is called hydrogen bond”.
It is denoted by dotted line (------). E.g. HF, HCl, H2O etc
In the molecule of HF (Hydrogen fluoride), strongest Hydrogen bonding present where the
molecules are held together in long chain.
Hydrogen bond is not actually a chemical bond, but it is a type of intermolecular force between
the polar molecules.
Hydrogen bond has important effect on the physical properties of compounds like HF, HCl, H 2O,
NH3, etc

COORDINATE COVALENT BOND: (DATIVE BOND)

“The bond which is formed by one sided sharing of lone pair of electrons is called Coordinate
Covalent Bond”.
In this type of bond, a lone pair of electrons is provided by an atom or a group of atoms to the
other atoms or ions, so it is also called Dative Bond.
Coordinate covalent bond is indicated by an arrow ( ) pointing towards the atom which
+
accepts the electron pair (NH3 H). The elements of group VA, VIA, VIIA give the lone
pair of electrons (Donor).
Example # 1:
When a Nitrogen atom combines with three Hydrogen atoms to form a molecule of Ammonia,
the nitrogen atom is surrounded by the bonding pairs and a lone pair of electron.

3H + N NH3

Nitrogen has one lone pair of electrons so it can form another bond when Ammonia reacts with
hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution of an acid, an Ammonium ion is formed.

NH3 + H+ (aq.) NH4

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Coordinate covalent bond is indicated by an arrow ( ) pointing towards the atoms which
+
accepts the electron pair (NH3 H).
Example # 2:
When an acid dissolves in water, an aqueous solution is formed but a coordinate covalent bond is
also formed between water molecule and hydrogen ion of the acid.
Oxygen atom in the molecule of water has lone pair of electron so the hydrogen ion from an acid
combines with it. As a result, Oxonium ion or Hydronium ion (H3O+) is formed.

H2O + H+ H3O+

Coordinate covalent bond is indicated by an arrow ( → ) pointing towards the atom which
accepts the electron pair (H2O + H+).

COVALENT BOND COORDINATE COVALENT BOND

1. The covalent bond is formed by the mutual 1. The coordinate covalent bond is formed by
sharing of electrons between atoms. one sided sharing of electrons.

2. It is formed between similar or dissimilar 2. It is formed between the two unlike atoms,
atoms, when the electrons are mutually one having an electron pair available for
shared. sharing and other must accept that electron
pair.

3. It may be polar or non-polar. 3. It is always polar

4. It is associated with only covalent character 4. It is associated with the ionic and covalent

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CHAPTER # 5 CHEMICAL BONDING

because there is no electron transfer. character because of partial transfer of

electron.

5. They are usually insoluble in water. 5. They are soluble in water.

6. The shared pair of electron is denoted by 6. They shared pair of electron is denoted by
short lines. an arrow.

INTER-MOLECULAR FORCES:
Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces between the neutral molecules, which hold them
together at certain temperature.
INTRA-MOLECULAR FORCES:
Intra-molecular force is an attractive force resulting from their interaction of the positive end of
one molecule with negative end of the other.
HYDROGEN BONDING:
The attraction between positive hydrogen and negative oxygen or fluorine is called hydrogen
bond. It can have 5% to 10% of the strength of covalent bond. It is denoted by dotted lines (-----).
It is an inter-molecule force.
DISPERSION FORCES:
Dispersion forces are weak attractive forces between temporarily polarized atoms caused by the
varying position of electrons during their motion about the nuclei. They are also called London
Forces because they were identified by Fritz London in 1930. e.g.: Noble gases like Ne, Ar.
METALLIC BONDING:
It is defined as the combination of electrostatic attraction between the electrons and the positive
nuclei of atom.
METALS:
SOFT METALS:
Some metals are soft because in some metals the valence electron are not confined to any
particular atom instead, they are free to move throughout the crystal, so the resulting bond is
relatively weak or soft.
Example: Sodium (Na).
HARD METALS:
Some metals are hard and have high melting point because these metals have incomplete
valence shell because of which the atoms becomes covalently bonded to each other through
their unfilled orbits.
Example: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu)

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