CHAPTER # 02:

CHEMICAL COMBINATION

Q#1: State the law of conservation of mass and describe Landolt’s experiment.
(OR)
Explain Landolt experiment with labeled diagram for practical verification of “Law of
conservation of mass”.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS:

INTRODUCTION:
In 1785, French chemist Lavoisier, tried to learn about chemical
changes by weighing the quantities of substances used in chemical reactions.

STATEMENT:

It states that;
“ Mass neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction”.
In other words;
“In any chemical reaction the initial weight of reacting substances
is equal to the final weight of the products”.

EXPLANATION:
The law of conservation of mass can easily be understood by the
formation of water from Hydrogen and Oxygen.

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

If hydrogen and oxygen are mixed in the ratio of 2:1 by volume then after the complete
reaction two moles of water will be obtained.

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
2(2) 2(16) 2(2+16)
4g 32g 36g

PRACTICAL VERIFICATION BY LANDOLT’S EXPERIMENT:

INTRODUCTION:
German chemist H. Landolt, studied about fifteen different chemical
reactions to test the validity of the law of conservation of mass.

EXPERIMENT:
He took H-shaped tube and filled the two limbs A and B, with silver
 nitrate (AgNO3) in limb A and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in limb B. The tube was sealed so
that the material could not escape outside. The tube was weighed initially in a vertical
position so that the solutions should not intermix with each other. The reactants were
mixed by inverting and shaking the tube.

OBSERVATION:
After mixing white precipitates are formed, He observed that weight
remains same.

AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) AgCl (s) + HNO3(aq)

white
precipitates

RESULT:
Thus total mass of the substances before the reaction is equal to the total
mass of substances after the reaction.
Hence,
The Law of conservation of mass is verified.

Q#2: State the Law of constant composition or Law of definite proportions and explain it
with the help of Berzelius experiment.
(OR)
State the Law of constant composition and explain it with the help of one example.

LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION:

INTRODUCTION:
In 1799, a French chemist Louis proust proposed a relation to
describe the consistency of the chemical composition of a compound.

STATEMENT:

“Different samples of the same compound always contain the same

 elements combined together in the same proportion by mass”.

Example:
Water obtained from any source(prepared in laboratory, or obtained from rain, river or
water pump), but if it is pure it always contain Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ratio of 1:8
by mass.
H 2O
2:16
1:8 (parts by mass)

BERZELIUS’S EXPERIMENT FOR PRACTICAL VERIFICATION :

Swedish chemist J.J Berzelius performed an experiment to prove this law.

EXPERIMENT:
10 gm of lead (Pb) was heated with excess of sulphur but only 1.56 gm of
sulphur was used to give 11.56 gm of lead sulphide (PbS).
Again this experiment was repeated by heating 18 gm of Pb and 1.56 gm of S, it was
observed that 11.56 gm of PbS was prepared and 8 gm of Pb remained unused.

Pb + S PbS
10g 1.56g 11.56g

Pb + S PbS + Pb
18g 1.56g 11.56g 8g (unused)

RESULT:
This indicates that Pb and S always combine in the fixed ratio by mass. This is
according to the law of constant composition.

Q#3: State the law of multiple proportions. Explain with the help of suitable examples.

LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION:

INTRODUCTION:
This law was proposed by John Dalton in 1803.

STATEMENT:
“ IT states that if two elements combine to form more than one compounds, the
masses of one element that combine with fixed mass of the other element are in the
ratio of small whole number or simple multiple ratio”.
EXPLANATION:
The law explains that the two elements form more than one compound
with different mass ratios.
 EXAMPLES:
1. Carbon forms two stable compounds with Oxygen namely Carbon monoxide
(CO) and Carbon dioxide (CO2).

Compounds Mass Of CARBON Mass Of OXYGEN Ratio Of OXYGEN

CO 12 16 1
CO2 12 32 2

2. Another example to explain this law is the formation of water (H 2O) and hydrogen-
peroxide (H2O2).

Compounds Mass of HYDROGEN Mass of OXYGEN Ratio Of OXYGEN

H 2O 2 16 1
H 2O2 2 32 2

3. Another illustration of this law is the formation of copper oxide (CuO) amd cupric-
oxide (Cu2O).

Compounds Mass of COPPER Mass of OXYGEN Ratio Of COPPER

CuO 63.5 16 1
Cu2O 127 26 2

Q#4: State the Law of Reciprocal proportion. And explain it with suitable example.

LAW OF RECIPROCAL PROPORTION:

INTRODUCTION:
Law of Reciprocal proportion was introduced by Ritcher in
1792-1794.

STATEMENT:
It states that;
“When two different elements separately combine with the fixed mass
of third element, the proportion in which they combine with one another
shall be either in the same ratio or some simple multiple of it”.

EXAMPLES:
1. When two elements C and O separately combine with H to form methane (CH 4)
and water (H2O) respectively, it is observed that in methane 3g of C combine with
1g of H, and so as in H2O, 8g of O combine with same fixed mass of H i.e. 1g and
when C and O combine with each other to form CO 2, they do so in the same propor-
 tion i.e. 12:32=3:8 parts by mass.

CH 4 H H2O
12:4 2:16
3:1 1:8
3g C O 8g
CO 2
12:32
3:8

2. Another example of law of reciprocal proportion is provided when, 12g of C combine

with 32g of O to form carbon dioxide (CO 2) and 32g of sulphur (S) combine with the
same mass of oxygen i.e. 32g to form SO 2.

O
CO 2 SO2
12:32 32:32
3:8 C S 8:8
CS 2
12:64
3:16

Q#5: Define the following terms:

ATOMIC MASS:
The mass of an atom compared with mass of 1/12 th part of an atom
of carbon-12 is called atomic mass.
It is expressed in a.m.u.
“Atomic mass is the average mass of all isotopes of an element”.
Example:
* Atomic mass of oxygen (O) = 16 a.m.u
* Atomic mass of chlorine (Cl) = 35.5 a.m.u

EMPIRICAL FORMULA:
A formula which represents the simplest ratio/ relative
number of atoms or elements present in a compound is called Empirical formula.
Example:
* Empirical formula of
Benzene is CH
Glucose is CH 2O
MOLECULAR FORMULA:
The formula which represents the actual number and type
of atoms present in one molecule is called Molecular formula.
Example:
* Molecular formula of
 Benzene is C6H6
Glucose is C 6H12O6
Ethyl Alcohol is C2H5OH

RELATION BETWEEN MOLECULAR FORMULA AND EMPIRICAL FORMULA:

Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula

(OR)

Molecular formula
n=
Empirical formula

Similarly;

Molecular formula mass

n=
Empirical formulamass

MOLECULAR FORMULA MASS:

The sum of atomic masses of all atoms present in
one molecule of a substance is called Molecular formula mass.
Example:
As, CO2 molecule contains one atom of C and two atoms of O so,
C = 1 x 12 = 12
O = 2 x 16 = 32
CO 2 = 44 a.m.u
Same as (H2O) water molecule have molecular mass 18 a.m.u.

FORMULA MASS:
The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a
substance is called its Formula mass.
Example:
Sodium chloride (NaCl):
Na = 1 x 23 = 23
Cl = 1 x 35.5 = 35.5
NaCl = 58.5 a.m.u

NOTE: The term Formula mass can be used with either molecular compound
or Ionic compounds. But the term Molecular formula can only be used with
Molecular compounds.

AVOGADRO’S NUMBER (NA):

The number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) in
one mole of any substance is fixed irrespective of its mass or its state that is
6.02x1023 particles. This number is called Avogadro’s Number.
Example:
1 mole of Mg = 24g = 6.02x10 23 atoms
 1 mole of H2O = 18g = 6.02x1023 molecules

MOLAR MASS:
Molar mass of a substance is its relative molecular mass expressed in
grams.
Example:
Calculate the molar mass of NH3. The molar mass, is obtained by adding the atomic
masses of component mass
N = 1 x 14 = 14
H=3x1=3
Molar mass of NH3 = 17g

MOLE:
“The atomic mass, molecular mass or formula mass of any substance when
expressed in grams is called one MOLE”.
(OR)
“The mass of any substance which contain 6.02x10 23 particles (atoms, molecules or ions)
is called one MOLE of that substance”.
FORMULA:
Massof given substance
Mole =
Formula mass
Example:
1 mole of C = 12g
1 mole of CO2 = 44g

Q#6: What is a Chemical reaction? Define and give example of each reaction.

CHEMICAL REACTION/CHEMICAL CHANGE:

Any change, which alters the
composition of a substance, is a chemical change. In this type of change one, or more
new substances are formed from the original substances.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

1. Decomposition reaction
2. Addition reaction/ Combination reaction
3. Single displacement reaction
4. Double displacement reaction
5. Combustion reaction

1. DECOMPOSITION REACTION:
A reaction in which a chemical substance breaks
down to form two or more simpler substances is called Decomposition reaction.
Example:
CaCO 3(s) ∆ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
 2KClO 3(s) ∆ 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

2. ADDITION/COMBINATION REACTION:
A reaction in which two or more
substances combine together to form a single substance is called an Addition reaction.
Example:
CaO(s) + CO2(g) CaCO 3(s)

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl (s)

3. SINGLE REPLACEMENT/DISPLACEMENT REACTION:

A reaction in which
one atom or group of atoms of a compound is replaced by another atom or group of
atoms is known as Single replacement reaction.
Example:
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl 2 + H2(g)

2Na + 2(H-OH) 2NaOH + H 2(g)

Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(g)

4. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION:

Double displacement reactions are
those reactions in which two compounds exchange their partners, so that two new
compounds are formed.
Example:
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)↓

CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) ↓

5. COMBUSTION REACTION:
A reaction in which substances react with either
free oxygen or oxygen of the air, with the rapid release of heat and flame, is called
Combustion reaction.
Example:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + ∆ H (Heat)

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + ∆ H (Heat)

CHEMICAL EQUATION:
A chemical equation is the representation of a chemical
reaction in terms of symbols and chemical formula of reactants and products.
Examples:
Rusting of Iron is a chemical reaction.
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
Rust
 HOW TO WRITE A CHEMICAL EQUATION:
A chemical equation is written for a
chemical reaction in the following manner.
i. Reactants are written on the left hand side and products are on the right hand side
of the equation.
ii. Reactants and products are separated by taking an arrow sign. ”
iii. Reactants and products should be represented in molar quantities.

BALANCING OF CHEMICAL EQUATION:

A chemical equation is balanced by following steps:

i. Write the correct formulae or symbols of all reactants on the left hand side and of
the products on the right hand side.
ii. Check the number of atoms of each element on both sides. If the number of atoms on
one side appear more than other sides balance the equation by inspection method. For
this multiply the formula or symbol of reactant or product by a co-efficient (a
number) on either side, so as to make the number of atoms same.
iii. Write di-atomic formula for hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine etc. While noble
gases are written as mono atomic molecules.
iv. Check the balance equation.

Q#7: Is the law of conservation of mass true for “Nuclear Fission Reactions”?
Ans: During Nuclear Fission, nucleus of an atom is divided and some energetic radiations are
emitted as some of the neutrons are converted into these energetic radiations and
hence,
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of product
In fact, law of conservation of mass is also true for such reactions and the amount of
mass transferred into energy can be calculated by Einstein’s equation E=mc 2. Hence, the
law of conservation of matter can be restated as,
“Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be converted into energy”.

Q#8: When a pile of wood is burnt, the amount of ash obtained is much smaller than the
original pile of wood. Explain with reference to the law of conservation of mass.

Ans: When a pile of wood is burnt, ash is obtained. The carbon (C) present in wood reacts
with oxygen (O2) from air and forms Carbon dioxide (CO2) as follows:
C + O2 CO2
If the CO2 is collected and weighted its total mass must equals to the reacting masses
of carbon (from wood) and O2 (from air). Hence, the law of conservation of mass is
verified. As far as, the ash is conserved, its mass must not be considered neither as
reactant nor as product, as it consists of mineral present in the wood which do not take
part in this chemical reaction.

Q#9: Iron gains weight, when it gets rust. Explain.

Ans: When iron gets rust, it gains weight, In fact, rusting of iron is a chemical reaction in
which iron reacts with Oxygen from air and produces iron oxide (Fe 2O3);

4Fe + 3O2 2Fe 2O3

If the total amount of iron and oxygen taking part in the chemical reaction (formation
of rust) is compared then it must be equal to the total mass of rust which is in
accordance with the law of conservation of mass which says that;

“Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed”.