REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

PAIX – TRAVAIL – PATRIE PEACE – WORK – FATHERLAND

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MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITY
INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE LA COTE INSTITUT OF THE COAST

BACHELOR in HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT: MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
REDOX TITRATION

PRESENTED BY:
MOUAFO AUDREY CHANELLE
TCHANI RACHEL BRENDA POPINA
SUBENGALAME PETRINE MESINZE
TCHAPNDA YEPDO ALEXINE REINA
LECTURER:
Mr. NJEODO NJONGANG VIGNY 1
 OUTLINE

I. ATOMIC WEIGHT

II. MOLECULAR WEIGT

III. REDOX TITRATION

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 I. ATOMIC WEIGHT
DEFINITION
Atomic weight is a common name for Relative atomic mass,
which is defined as the ratio of the average mass of one atom
of an element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12.
INSIDE THE ATOM
There are many subatomic particles, but the ones most
prominent are the protons, neutrons and electrons. The
protons are positively charged while the electrons are
negatively charged. Thus, there are an equal number of
protons and electrons in an atom to make the atom neutral as
a whole. The neutrons are charge less or neutral. Their
abundance may or may not be equal to the number of
protons 3
 ATOMIC WEIGHT
Atomic number
The atomic number of a chemical element(also known as its
proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of
an atom of that element. Thus, the atomic number of H is 1, O is 8,
and of F is 9. It is denoted by Z. The number of neutrons is
denoted by N. Atoms of the same element having different atomic
masses are called isotopes. They have the same number of
protons but differ in the number of neutrons. Isotopes have similar
chemical properties, but different physical properties .
Atomic mass
The atomic mass of an atom is the sum of the masses of the
protons and neutrons of this atom. The mass of a proton and
neutron are almost the same, and we can say that relatively they
have a mass of 1 unit. This unit was originally termed as the 4
 ATOMIC WEIGHT
Atomic mass unit or amu. Now, the IUPAC has changed the amu
to u, which is short for unified mass. Thus, the mass of a proton
is 1 u and that of a neutron is 1 u. The electron, on the other
hand, has a mass of 9.109382×10-31 kg, which is negligible.
Hence, the mass of an electron is 0 u. The atomic mass is
denoted by A.
Hence
Z+N=A
Atoms of different elements having the same mass number but
different atomic number are called isobers. Example include
titrium and helium-3
Example of calculation involving atomic weight
The atomic mass of an isotope of O is A=17 while the atomic
number is Z= 8. Find the number of neutrons in this isotope.
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 ATOMIC WEIGHT
 We know that Z+N=A
Hence, A-Z=N
=»17-8 =9
Notation
An atom of an element £ is denoted by£
Where A= Atomic mass and Z= Atomic number or proton number
For example, the notations of carbon-12, oxygen-16, and neon-20
are , ,

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 II. MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DEFINITION
The molecular weight is the total number of protons and
neutrons in a compound.
In other words, it is the sum of atomic masses of the individuals
atoms in a compound.

Example 1: Find the molecular weights of the following

compounds. HF, H2SO4, C6H12O6,
We have
(molecular weight of HF)= (molecular weight of H) + molecular
(weight of F)
=>1+19 = 20
(molecular weight of H2SO4) => 2(1) + 32 + 4(16) = 98
(molecular weight of C6H12O6) => 6(12)+12(1)+6(16)=180
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 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
EXAMPLE 2
Find the molecular weight of the amino acid cysteine.

We should have memorized all structural formulas of amino acids. If

you know them, you would know the cysteine has the formula
C3H7NO2S. Either you can add the sums of protons and neutrons, or
you can go by the given molecular weight on the periodic table;
• Carbon: 12×3=36
• Hydrogen: 1×7=7
• Nitrogen: 14×1=14
• Oxygen: 16×2=32
• Sulfur: 32×1=32
The sum of which will give the molecular weight of 121

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 III. REDOX TITRATION
DEFINITION
Redox titration is a laboratory method of determining the
concentration of a given analyte by causing a redox reaction
between the titrant and the analyte. These types of titrations
sometimes require the use of a potentiometer or a redox indicator.
Redox titration is based on an oxidation-reduction reaction. It is
one of the most common laboratory methods to identify the
concentration of unknown analytes.
The key features of reduction and oxidation are discussed below.
REDUCTION
It can occur via:
 The addition of hydrogen
 The removal of oxygen
 The acceptance of electrons
 Reduction in the overall oxidation state.
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 REDOX TITRATION
OXIDATION
• Addition of oxygen.
• Removal of hydrogen which was attached to the species
• The donation/loss of electrons.
• An increase in the oxidation state exhibited by the substance

An example of a redox titration is the treatment of an iodine

solution with a reducing agent. The end point of this titration is
directed with the help of a starch indicator.
In the example, the diatomic iodine is reduced to iodide ions(I-),
and the iodine solution is commonly referred to as iodometric
titration. Example titration of potassim permanganete(KMnO4)
against oxalic acid(C2H2O4).
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 REDOX TITRATION
Main redox titration types
Redox titration Titrant

Iodometry Iodine(I2)

Bromatometry Bromine(Br2)

cereimetry Cerim(IV) salts

Permanganometry Potassium permanganate

Dichrometry Potassium dichromate

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 REDOX TITRATION
1. Permanganometry
Potassium permanganate, KMnO4 is probably the most widely
used of all volumetric oxidizing agents. It’s a powerful oxidant and
readily available at modest cost. The intense color of the
permanganate ion is sufficient to detect the end point in most
titrations.
 
Preparation of potassium permanganate (0.02M)
Molecular formula: KMnO4
Molecular weight: 158.03
Preparation:
Dissolve 3.2g of potassium permanganate in 100ml of
water, heat on a water bath for 1hr; allow standing for 2days and
filtering through glass wool. Store the solution in dark place,
protected from light. 12
 REDOX TITRATION
Standardization:
Pipette out 25ml prepared 0.1N oxalic acid solution, add 5ml of
concentrated sulphuric acid along the side of the flask, swirl the
contents carefully and warm up to 70 degree Celsius
Titrate the warmed solution against the potassium permanganate
solution from the burette, till the pink color persists for about 30
seconds.
Repeat the experiment three or more times until 2 consecutive
results are same or precise and tabulate the results.
Take the precise readings for calculation of normality.
Reaction involved:
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5(COOH)2 _ 2MnSO4 +
K2SO4 +10CO2 + 8H2O
 
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 REDOX TITRATION
2. Dichrometry
These are titrations in which, potassium dichromate is used as in oxidizing
agent in acidic medium. The medium is maintained acidic by the use of dilute
sulphuric acid. The solution of potassium dichromate can be directly used for
titrations. It’s mainly for the estimation of ferrous salts and iodides. It requires
diphenylamine, diphenylbenzidine and diphenylamine sulfonate. The color
change for all three indicators is green to violet.
Advantages of potassium dichromate as powerful oxidizing agent
• It’s available in pure form and stable form.
• The standard solution of exactly known concentration of K2Cr2O7 can be
prepared by weighing out the pure dry salt and dissolving it in proper
volume of water.
• Aqueous solution is sufficiently stable on proper storage. It can be used in
acid as well as alkaline solution.
• It’s stable towards light.
Preparation of 0.1N K2Cr2O7:
Weigh accurately 49.03g of potassium dichromate (dried for 4hrs) and
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dissolve in distilled water to give 1000ml.
 REDOX TITRATION
Standardization:
Principle: Ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) or Mohr’s salt is a
stable double salt with feSO4 as an active constituent. Acidic potassium
dichromate solution is a strong oxidizing agent and is rapidly reduced by
ferrous ion at the ordinary temperature to green chromic acid when added to
FAS solution containing dilute sulphuric acid. In this reaction ferrous sulphate is
oxidized to ferric sulphate while ammonium sulphate remains unreacted. N-
phenyl anthranilic acid is used as an indicator. Indicator is not oxidized as long
as Fe2+ ions are there in the solution. The slight excess amount of dichromate
will oxidize the indicator when all the Fe2+ ions have been converted to Fe3+
ions resulting in color change of the solution from green to purple.
Procedure: take 50ml of 0.1M FAS solution, add 20ml of 5M
sulphuric acid and add 0.5ml of N-phenyl anthranilic acid as an indicator.
Titrate the excess of iron (II) salt with standard 0.1N potassium dichromate
until the color changes from green to purple.
Reaction involved:
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 _ K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O] 15
 
 REDOX TITRATION
3. Iodatometry
Potassium iodate (KIO3) is regarded to be strong oxidizing agent which may be
employed in the assay of number of pharmaceutical substances like
benzalkonium chloride, phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride, potassium iodide etc.

Principle:The principle of titrations with potassium iodate (KIO3) is, the iodate
reacts quantitatively with both iodides and iodine. The respective iodate
titrations may be accomplished in the presence of saturated organic acids,
alcohols, and several other organic substances.
The oxidation-reduction methods with KIO3 are based on the
production of iodine monochloride (ICI) in a medium of strong HCl.
 
Preparation and standardization of potassium iodate (0.05M):
Molecular formula: KIO3
Molecular weight: 214
Preparation: Weigh accurately 10.70g of potassium iodate (pure standard)
previously dried at 110 degree Celsius to constant weight, transfer in a 16
volumetric flask and add sufficient water to produce 1000ml.
 REDOX TITRATION
Standardization:
Dilute 25ml of potassium iodate solution to 100ml with water. To 25ml of this
solution add 2g of potassium iodide and 1M H2SO4 and titrate with 0.05M
Na2S2O3 using starch solution as an indicator added towards the end point.
 
Reaction: KIO3 + 5KI + 3H2SO4 _ 3I2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O

4. Bromatometry
The specific titrations with potassium bromate. It may be exploited as an
effective and useful oxidizing agent in the qualitative determination (assay) of
pharmaceutical substances like mephenesin, phenol sodium and salicylate. It
can also be used for the analysis of organ arsenicals like carbasome
(C7H9AsN2O4).
Principle:
The fundamental underlying principle of bromatometry exclusively
and predominantly depends upon the formation of iodine monobromide [IBr]
in relatively higher actual strength of HCl solution. 17
 REDOX TITRATION
Theory:
Potassium bromate may be assayed by the addition of potassium
iodide (KI) and dilute HCl and the chemical reaction involved may be expressed
as given below
KBrO3 + HI _ HIO3 + KBr

Preparation: Weigh accurately about 3.34g previously dried for 1-2hrs at 120
degree Celsius and cooled pure potassium bromate and dissolved sufficient
amount of water and finally make the solution to 1000ml with water.
 
Standardization: standardization of KBrO3 solution (say 0.1N KBrO3) may be
accomplished by taking an aliquot of the KBrO3 solution, adding 3g of KI and
3ml of conc. HCl. The contents are taken in iodine flask and shaken well and
allowed to stand for 5-10 minutes so as to complete the liberation of I2 from
the reaction mixture. The liberated I2 is duly titrated with previously
standardized 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution using freshly prepared starch solution as
an indicator towards the end point. 18
 
 REDOX TITRATION
Redox indicators
A redox indicator is a compound that changes color when it
goes from its oxidized state to its reduced state.
Examples; methylene blue, diphenylamine, indigo
tetrasulfonate.
Some redox titrations do not require an indicator, due to the
intense color of the constituents. For instance, In
permanganometry a slight persisting pink color signals

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