1. Describe the functional group of alkanols.

ANSWER: It is an OH bonded to a saturated carbon.

2. Distinguish between an alkanol and a phenol

ANSWER: In alkanol OH is bonded to saturated carbon whereas in a phenol OH is
bonded to an aromatic nucleus/ benzene ring.
Name any one of the halogens, which sublimes in its pure state. ANSWER
Keeping the concentration of A constant while doubling the concentration of B
increases the rate by a factor of 4.
Hence the order of the reaction with respect to B is second order.
1. The reaction is first order with respect to A and second order with respect to B, use this
information and the results of experiment 3 to calculate the rate constant of the reaction and give
its units.
ANSWER: Rate = k [A][B]2
6.64*10-3 = k [1.0*10-2][1.0*10-2]2
6.64*10-3 = k [1.0*10-6]
k = 6.64*10-3/1.0*10-6 = 6.64*103 mol-2dm6s-1
[Units of k = 1/(concentration)2*time]
2. A bipolar junction transistor has an n-type base region. What are the majority charge carriers in the
collector region?
ANSWER: Holes
3. What are the minority charge carriers in the collector region of a bipolar junction transistor with a p-type
emitter?
ANSWER: Electrons
4. What are the minority charge carriers in the emitter region of a bipolar junction transistor with a p-type
collector?
ANSWER: Electrons

ANSWER: Iodine

1. Name any one of the halogens which is a liquid at room temperature.

ANSWER: Bromine

Fill in the blank for 7 and 8

1. In the Periodic Table, fluorine is to oxygen as bromine is to…………?
5. ANSWER: Selenium (Se) How are the positive ions of different mass–charge ratio
separated in the mass spectrometer?
ANSWER: By passing the ions through a magnetic field which deflects ions from the
linear
path; the extent of deflection depending on the mass–charge ratio
6. How are the positive ions produced in the mass spectrometer?
ANSWER: The gaseous atoms or molecules are bombarded with high energy electrons
which succeed in removing an electron from each of the atoms or molecules
7. What is the purpose of putting a sample to be analyzed by Mass Spectrometer into a vacuum
chamber of the spectrometer?
ANSWER: To convert the sample into a vapour

2. In the Periodic Table, Beryllium is to Boron as Gallium is to…………?

ANSWER: Calcium (Ca)

3. What is the oxidation state of chlorine in HCLO4.

ANSWER: H+1 CL+7 O4-8 [CL is +7]
4. What is the oxidation state of carbon in methanol, CH3OH
ANSWER: CH3OH = CH+44O-2 C = -2

1. CO2 is one of the products of fermentation of carbohydrates. Give one commercial use
of CO2.
ANSWER:
a. Preparation of dry ice, i.e. solid CO2 for cooling
b. Use in fire extinguishers.
c. Dissolved in beverages to give fizzy taste.

2. Another product of fermentation of carbohydrates in ethanol. Give one commercial

use.
ANSWER:
a. As solvent in industrial preparation.
b. In alcoholic beverages.

3. Give the chemical formula for haematite an ore of iron. (1 attempt)

ANSWER: Haematite Fe2O3

4. Give the chemical formula for magnetite an ore of iron. (1 attempt)

ANSWER: Magnetite Fe3O4

1. Why is N2O, nitrogen (I) oxide called laughing gas?

ANSWER: When it is used as an anesthetic, patients who are recovering after the
surgery seem to wear a smile.
2. Name any cation whose sulphide is black. [1 attempt]
ANSWER: Pb2+, Cu2+,Fe2+ (not iron III)
3. What is the functional group in the monomer of PVC? [1 attempt]
 ANSWER: Carbon-carbon double bond
4. Name one application of the polymer tetrafluoroethene. [1 atempt]
ANSWER: Polymer-teflon, used as non-stick material in frying and sauce pans.
1. Chemically what are vegetable oils
ANSWER: Triglycerides or triacyls of glycerol or Esters or 1,2,3- propan-triol

2. Give one of the commnest ions formed when vegetable oils are saponified
ANSWER:
a. Stereate ion or (octodecanoate)
b. Palmitate ion or (hexadecanoate)
c. Myristate ion or (tetradecanoate)

3. Explain how Bohr’s model of the atom explained the absorption and emission of
radiation.
ANSWER:
According to Bohr’s atomic model, the electrons are in orbits around the nucleus of the
atom, and these orbits define the energy levels of the atom. Absorption of radiation occurs
when an electron receives just enough energy from incident photons to jump from a lower
energy level to a higher energy level. Emission occurs when the electron jumps from a
higher energy level to a lower energy level.

4. In Rutherford’s scattering experiment, what would have been observed if a low- density
beam of neutrons were used instead of alpha particles?
ANSWER:
Since neutrons are uncharged, they are most likely to pass right through the metallic foil.
Any deviations caused will be due to mechanical collisions and not electrostatic repulsion,
so the likelihood of a deflection through a wide angle is small

5. Give one important use of the radioisotope of carbon-14 (C-14).

ANSWER: Carbon dating or synthesis of organic molecules containing C14 for tracer
studies.

6. How are carbon-14 atoms produced.

ANSWER: By bombardment of nitrogen nuclei by neutrons

14
N + n ⃗ 146 C+ 01 P
7
7. Distinguish between cold-cathode emission and thermionic emission from a metallic
surface
ANSWER:

Cold-cathode emission occurs when electrons are ejected from the surface of a metal by
the action of an electric field alone; whereas thermionic emission occurs when electrons
are emitted from the surface due to the high temperature of the metal.

1. In a titration of HCl with Na2CO3 using methyl orange as indicator, 18cm3 of

HCL solution of unknown concentration were required to neutralize 25cm3 of
0.09mol dm-3 Na2CO3 solution. Calculate the concentration of the HCL
 solution.
SOLUTION:
2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl+ CO2 +H2O
3 3
18cm M? 25cm 0.09
25 x0 . 09 1
=
18 xM 2

M=0.25

2. In another titration of HCl vrs. Na2CO3 using Phenolphthalein as indicator,

16cm3 of HCl solution of unknown concentration reacted with 22cm3 of 0.30
Mol dm-3 solution of Na2CO3. Calculate the concentration of the HCl solution
SOLUTION:
With phenolphthalein as indicator
HCl +Na2CO3 → NaHCO3+NaCl
16cm3, M? 22cm3, 0.3 mol dm3

22x 0.3 11 x0.3 1

16 xm = 8 xm = 1
3.3
22 x 0.3 1 8
= M= =0. 4125
16 xM 1
[Accept up to 2 places of decimals]
9. In the blast furnace, haematite Fe2O3 is reduced t metallic iron by Carbon II
Oxide. Write a balanced equation for the reaction
ANSWER: Fe2O3 + 3CO ⃗ 2Fe + 3CO2

10. For the iron carbonate ore, siderite to be reduced to iron, it is first roasted in
air to give iron III Oxide. If the formula for siderite is FeCO3, write a balanced
equation for the roasting of siderite.
ANSWER: 4FeCO3 + O2 ⃗ 2Fe2O3 + 4CO2

1. Name one functional group in paracetamol.

ANSWER:
Amide
Phenol
Benzene ring / aromatic
(Amino group? Not exactly but accept)

2. Name one functional group in aspirin.

ANSWER:
a. Carboxylic acid / Alkanoic acid
b. Estar / Alkanoate.
 c. Benzene ring / aromatic nucleus
size)

3. Name three metals that react with water at room temperature.

ANSWER:
Obvious ones: Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Potassium
Not very obvious Rubidium,Caesium,strontium,Barium

4. In what way is beryllium different from the rest of the elements in Group II

ANSWER:
It forms salts with more covalent character (due to its small atomic /ionic
1. Explain how you would prepare 1dm3 of 0.16 mol dm-3 from a stock solution of 0.80
mol dm-3 HCl.
ANSWER:
Dilution
0.80mol dm3 → 0.16 mol dm-3
Dilution factor
16 in 80
∴ 2 in 10
200cm3 in 1000 or 1dm3

2. Explain how you would prepare 1dm3 of 0.2moldm-3 solution from a stock solution of
0.24moldm-3 of NaOH.
ANSWER:
Dilution
0.24mol dm-3 → 0.20mol dm3
∴ 20 in 24
That is in 1000 cm3, you should dilute
20
24 X 1000 = 833.3cm3
72 600
∴ %C = 84 X 100 = 7 = 85.7
3. Calculate the percentage hydrogen in hexane, give your answer to one place of
decimal.
Hexane = C6H14 ¿ 72 +14 = 86

14 700
X 100
∴ %H = 86 = 43 = 16.3%

4. Calculate the percentage carbon in 1-hexene and give your answer to one place of
decimal.
1-Hexene = C6H12 = 72 +12 = 84
1. Calculate the mass of calcium carbide required to produce 89.6 dm3 of ethyne at STP.
[Ca =40 C=12; molar volume of gas at STP = 22.4 dm3]
SOLUTION:
 CaC2 + 2H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
(40+24) 22.4

64g ¿ 22.4 dm3

∴ 22.4 dm3 ¿ 64g
89 .6
×64
∴ 89.6 dm3 = 22.4
=4 ¿ 64
= 256g
2. Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas that will be produced at STP when 72g of
magnesium reacts with steam [Mg = 24, Molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3]
SOLUTION:
Mg + H2O ⃗
Δ MgO + H2
22.4
24
72
×22 .4
72g Mg ¿ 24
= 3 ¿ 22.4
= 67.2dm3
3. Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of an organic acid of pKa 5.0
SOLUTION: pH = ½ pKa – ½ log Ca
5.0
= 2 – ½ log 10-1
= 2.5 + 0.5
pH = 3.0
4. Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of a weak organic base of pKb 6.0
SOLUTION: pOH = ½ pKb – ½ log Cb
6
= 2 - ½ log 10-1
= 3 + 0.5
= 3.5
pH = 14 - pOH
=14 - 3.5
=11.5
1. Calculate the concentrationof an NaOH solution of unknown concentration if 25cm3 of it
requires 17.0cm3 of 0.15moldm-3 of HCl solution
 SOLUTION:
HCl + NaOH ⃗ NaCl+ H 2 O
17 cm 3 0 .15 .25 .0 , M

17×0 . 15 1
∴ =
25×M 1
17×0 .15 1. Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 solution if
M= 18cm3 of it neutralized 25cm3 of 0.10mol dm-3
25 NaOH solution. Give your answer to 3 places of
0 . 51 decimals.
M=
5 SOLUTION:
M=0 . 102moldm−3 H 2 SO 4 + 2 NaOH ⃗ Na2 SO 4 +2 H 2 O
3 −3
3
18 cm , M 25 cm , 0. 10moldm

18 . 0×M 1
∴ =
25×0 . 1. 2
25×0 .1
M=
18×2
1 .25
M=
18
M=0 . 069 moldm−3
SOLUTION:
Molar mass of salt =64
Gain in mass when it forms dihydrate = 36
36
×100
64
o
∴ % gain = =56 . 3 o

2. A salt of molar mass 64 forms a dihydrate. What is the percentage water content of
the hydrated salt? [H = 1, O = 16]

SOLUTION:
Salt x (64) forms hydrate x. 2H2O
Mass of the dihydrate = 64 +(2 x 18) = 100
36
100
o
∴ % water = =36 o

3. A salt of molar mass 64 forms a dihydrate. Calculate the percentage gain in mass
when it forms the dihydrate. Give your answer to one place of decimal.
PREAMBLE: Steam reacts with methane in a reversible reaction in the equation;
CH4 (g) + H2O (g) → CO (g) + 3 H2 (g)
1. Give the expression for the Kc of the reaction when it is in equilibrium.
ANSWER: Kc = [CO][H2]3/[CH4][H2O]
2. Give the relationship between the Kc and Kp of the reaction.
ANSWER: Kp = Kc(RT)∆n where ∆n is the difference in the number of gaseous
 products and gaseous reactants,
Therefore, Kp = Kc(RT)2
3. Predict the effect of increased pressure on the equilibrium
ANSWER: Increase in pressure will shift the equilibrium to the left/reactants
PREAMBLE: Consider the following bond energies in kJmol-1.
C = C 602, C – C 346, C – O 358, H – O 459, C – H 411
4. Calculate the energy required to break all the necessary bonds when a mole of steam is make
to react with ethane to form ethanol
ANSWER: H2C = CH2 + H2O → CH3 – CH2OH
Bonds broken: C=C = 602
H–O = 459
Total = 1061
Energy required is 1061 kJmol-1 or 1.06*103kJmol-1
5. Calculate the enthalpy change for the formation of all the necessary bonds in that reaction
ANSWER: Bond formed: C – C 346
C – O 358
C – H 411
Total = 1115
Enthalpy change = -1115 kJmol-1 or -1.12*103 kJmol-1
6. If the enthalpy change for the breaking of all the necessary bonds is 1061 kJ and that for the
formation of the necessary bonds is – 1115 kJmol-1, how much energy is given out when 560
g of ethene is hydrated Ethene = 28
ANSWER: For 1 mole of ethene, heat given out = 1061 - 1115 = -
54
560 g of ethene = 560/28 mol = 20
Heat given out = -54*20 = - 1080 kJ or - 1.08*103
kJ
1. 25 Explain the process ‘Radioactive decay’
ANSWER: It is a spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive nucleus to give a daughter
nucleus or daughter nuclei and radiation (or nuclear particles)
2. Some radioactive nuclei decay by α–emission. What is the process equivalent to?
ANSWER: It is a loss of atomic mass units of 4 and atomic number of 2 or loss of helium
nucleus
3. By what means can a non–radioactive nucleus be made to disintegrate
ANSWER: By bombardment of the nucleus with (energetic) nuclear particles
 A conductor carries a net charge of 32 pC . Find the net charge on it when 5.0 ×107 electrons
are removed
A cell with the equation: 2 Al + 3 Fe2+ → 2 Al3+ + 3 Fe
will have a positive emf of 1.25 V. The reverse will have negative emf and will not
occur spontaneously
4. Consider the following half–cells and their corresponding standard electrode potentials:
Sn2+/Sn - 0.14 V; Cd2+/Cd- 0.40 V.
If a primary cell were to be set up using the two half–cells, state which metal will constitute
the anode and give your reasons.
ANSWER: Cd will be the anode.
Oxidation takes place at the anode. For positive emf, - 0.40 V has to be reversed.
Hence oxidation takes place in the cadmium half-cell, ie Cd/Cd 2+,
5. Chromium in principle can reduce both iron (II) and iron (III) to the neutral metal. Use the
following standard electrode potentials to determine which reduction will be more spontaneous
and give your reason.
Fe3+/Fe - 0.04 V; Fe2+/Fe - 0.41 V; Cr3+/Cr - 074 V
3+
ANSWER: Reduction of Fe to Fe will be more spontaneous. Emf for (a) ˃ (b)
(a) Combining Cr/Cr3+ and Fe3+/Fe, emf = 0.74 - 0.04 = 0.70 V
(b) Combining Cr/Cr3+ and Fe2+/Fe, emf = 0.74 - 0.41 = 0.33 V
8. How are the positive ions of different mass–charge ratio separated in the mass spectrometer?
ANSWER: By passing the ions through a magnetic field which deflects ions from the
linear
path; the extent of deflection depending on the mass–charge ratio
9. How are the positive ions produced in the mass spectrometer?
ANSWER: The gaseous atoms or molecules are bombarded with high energy electrons
which succeed in removing an electron from each of the atoms or molecules
10. What is the purpose of putting a sample to be analyzed by Mass Spectrometer into a vacuum
chamber of the spectrometer?
ANSWER: To convert the sample into a vapour
PREAMBLE: Consider the following results of a kinetic experiment involving the reaction:
A + 3B → C
Experiment Conc. of A /moldm-3 Conc. of B/moldm-3 Rate(moldm-3s-1)
1 0.005 0.005 8.3*10-4
2 0.005 0.010 3.32*10-3
3 0.010 0.010 6.64*10-3

11. Determine the order of the reaction with respect to A.

 ANSWER: Consider, Experiments (2) and (3).
Doubling the concentration of A, while keeping the concentration of B constant, the
rate increases by a factor of 2.
Hence the reaction is first order with respect to A.
12. Determine the order of the reaction with respect to B.
ANSWER: Consider Experiments (1) and (2).
Keeping the concentration of A constant while doubling the concentration of B
increases the rate by a factor of 4.
Hence the order of the reaction with respect to B is second order.
13. The reaction is first order with respect to A and second order with respect to B, use this
information and the results of experiment 3 to calculate the rate constant of the reaction and give
its units.
ANSWER: Rate = k [A][B]2
6.64*10-3 = k [1.0*10-2][1.0*10-2]2
6.64*10-3 = k [1.0*10-6]
k = 6.64*10-3/1.0*10-6 = 6.64*103 mol-2dm6s-1
[Units of k = 1/(concentration)2*time]
1. Explain the difference between vapourisation and sublimation.
ANSWER: Vapourisation refers to the change of a solid or liquid to the vapour/gaseous
phase but Sublimation refers specifically to change from solid to
vapour/gaseous phase (without passing through the liquid phase)
1. What brings about a polarized covalent bond in a molecule?
ANSWER: The formation or presence of a covalent bond between two atoms of different
electronegativity.
2. What is typical of ionic solids?
ANSWER: They have high melting points OR They are usually soluble in water
3. When a molecule or a compound is said to show resonance what does it mean?
ANSWER: It can be represented by several electronic structures.