Chemical bonding

IONIC BOND
COVALENT BOND
METALLIC BOND
MACROMOLECULES
Why bonds form?
Ionic bond

 A type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction

between two oppositely charged ions.

Metals and non-metals form ionic bond

 Example
Sodium chloride
 A sodium atom has an electron arrangement of 2,8,1
This means that it has one more electron than the stable electron arrangement of 2,8
 A chlorine atom has an electron arrange of 2,8,7
This means that it is one electron short of a stable electron arrangement of 2,8,8
 The sodium atom now loses one electron. This means that there is an overall positive
charge as there is there is more protons (positive charge) than electrons (negative
charge)
The sodium atom is a cation
 The chlorine atom now gains one electron. This means that there is an overall negative
charge as there is there is less protons (positive charge) than electrons (negative
charge)
The chlorine atom is an anion It is important to note that in ionic bond, there is a complete
transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals
 Sodium Chloride NaCl

Sodium chloride
lattice

One electron
transferred from
Na to Cl

Lattice is a regular repeated

Na+Cl- is formed three-dimensional arrangement
of atoms in a metal or other
crystalline solid.
 MgO

Magnesium oxide
 Electron arrangement in magnesium atom 2,8,2
Two electrons more for a full shell of 2,8
 Electron arrangement in oxygen atom 2,6
Two electron short for a full shell of 2,8
 This means the magnesium atom has to give 2 electrons to the
oxygen atom

Two electrons
transferred from
Mg to O
Criss-cross method
MgCl2
Ca3N2
Mg3N2
Steps (summary)
Naming
Important points
Covalent bond

 A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that

involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs
are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs.

 The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms,

when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding

Non-metals and non-metals form covalent bond

Covalent bond

 Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons rather than the

complete transfer.
 When a pair of electrons is shared, it is called a single covalent bond or
single bond.
 When 2 pairs of electrons are shared, it is called a double covalent bond
or double bond.
 When 3 pairs of electrons are shared, it is called a triple covalent bond or
triple bond.
 Example

 Chlorine molecule (Cl2)

 A chlorine atom has an electron arrangement of 2,8,7.
 When two chlorine atoms bond together they form a chlorine molecule.
 If one electron was transferred from one chlorine atom to the other, only one
atom could achieve a stable electron arrangement.
 Instead, one electron from each atom is donated to form a pair of electrons
which is shared between both atoms
 This is known as single covalent bond.
One electron “shared” by
 This holds them together. each Chlorine atom.
 Often shown as Cl–Cl Total two electrons shared

Cl2 is formed
 Example

Oxygen molecule (O2)

 Oxygen atoms have a electron arrangement of 2,6.
 Each oxygen atom donates two electron
 The four electrons (2 pairs) are shared between both atoms
 This is known as double covalent bond
 Often shown as O=O
Two electrons “shared” by
each Oxygen atom.
Total four electrons shared

O2 is formed
Other examples
Comparison
Metallic bond
 Metallic bond

The valence electrons of metals become

loosely bounded

Loosely bounded electrons are called

free electrons or delocalized electrons

The force of attraction develops between

metal actions and free electrons

The electrostatic force of attraction

between metal actions and free electrons
is called metallic bond
Properties of metallic bond
How to draw structure of metallic
bond?
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Macromolecules

 Giant covalent structures

Macromolecules
Graphite
Graphite

Weak forces hold the layers

together
Diamond
Silica
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