Everything You Need to Know About SAS

What is SAS?
Statistical Analysis Software

developed by SAS Institute in Cary, NC
Main Uses of SAS

data entry, retrieval, and management report writing and graphics statistical and mathematical analysis business planning, forecasting, and decision support operations research and project management quality improvement applications development.
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Basics about SAS
SAS is composed of three windows
Program Editor where you write and submit programs
Log where SAS displays messages which indicates any errors that may be in a program

Output Where result appear after submitting programs
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Program Editor Window
Explore r and Results Window
Write your code in this window
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Log Window
Log Window View the Log Created by the Program Execution
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Output Window
Output Window View the Values of a Dataset in this Window
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SAS Dataset, Variables and Observations
SAS expects your data to be in a special form. This special form is called a SAS data set The SAS data set is a tabular form with Variables and Observations The rows are the Observations The columns are the Variables
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Example of a SAS Data set

ID
1 53 2 54
Variables NAM HT E Lucy 42

Tom Dan Tim Mary 46 43 45 42 48
WT
41 54 . 56 48 43
Observation s
3 55 4 56 5 57 58 6
ID, HT and WT are Numeric Variables NAME is a Character Variable Character Variables if blank are represented by a space Numeric Variables if blank are represented by a . SAS Training 7
Building Blocks of a SAS Program

A SAS program is constructed from two building blocks 1) DATA Step 2) PROC Step A typical SAS program starts with a DATA step to create a SAS dataset and then passes on to the PROC step to do the analysis.
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Basic Components of SAS, Continued
Data Step
SAS statement that read data, create new datasets or variables, modify datasets, perform calculation.
Procedures
SAS statements that can perform statistical analyses, create & print reports & graphs
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Basic Components of SAS
Every SAS program is constructed using the Data Step and/or Procedures e.g. DATA distance; miles = 23; DATA Step kilometer = 1.61 * miles; RUN; PROC PRINT DATA = distance; RUN;
PROC Step
Any combination of Data Step and/or Procedures may be used Run statement should be used throughout the program
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Difference Between a DATA step and a PROC step

DATA steps steps
PROC
Begin with PROC
Begin with DATA statements statements
Read and modify data Perform specific analysis or function Note: The table is not meant to imply that PROC can never create Produce results or report SAS Create a (some do), setthat DATA step can never create data sets SAS data or
reports (they can) But it is much easier to write SAS programs if one can understand the basic functions of DATA and PROC steps.
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Execution of SAS data set

Data Steps execute line by line and observation by observation SAS takes the first observation and runs it all the way through the data step (line by line) before looping back to pick up the second observation SAS sees one observation at a time.
DATA step Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 SAS Training Output data set Observation 1 Observation 2 Observation 3
Input data set Observation 1 Observation 2 Observation 3
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Rules for SAS programs
Every SAS statement end with a semicolon. e.g. Data test; Names must be 8 characters or fewer in length. e.g. valid names:- distance invalid names is distance_a Names must be start with letter or an underscore (_). Valid Names are e.g. distance, _abc are valid. Names can contain only letters, numerals and the underscore (_). No %$!*&#@ please.
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Rules for SAS program Statements

SAS program statements can Be in upper or lower case Continue on the next line Be on the same line as other statements Start in any column
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READING DATA FROM EXTERNAL FILES

SAS can read data and create a data set from external files like txt, csv, etc.
Basic Code Structure DATA dataset-name; INFILE file-specification <options> <host-options>; INPUT <specification(s)><@|@@>; Run;
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Reading data using DATALINES

A SAS data set can also be created bytyping values in the SAS program editor using DATALINES;
Basic Code Structure
DATA dataset-name; INPUT <specification(s)><@|@@>; DATALINES; .. .. ; Run;
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INPUT
Describes the arrangement of values in the input data record and assigns input values to the corresponding SAS variables
INPUT <specification(s)><@|@@>;
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INPUT (SPECIFICATIONS)
variable - names a variable that is assigned input values $ - indicates to store the variable value as a character value rather than as a numeric value. pointer-control - moves the input pointer to a specified line or column in the input buffer. informat. - specifies an informat to use to read the variable value
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EXAMPLE 1 (EXTERNAL FILE)

Dat.txt in C:/ Mary 24 Suzan 34
Data newdata; Infile C:/dat.txt; Input name $ age; Run;
Resulting SAS data set (newdata)
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INPUT (DATALINES)
Data newdata; Input name $ age; DATALINES; Mary 24 Suzan 32 ; Run;
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INPUT TYPES
INPUT, COLUMN : Reads input values from specified columns and assigns them to the corresponding SAS variables Syntax: INPUT variable <$> start-column <-- endcolumn> <.decimals> <@ | @@>;
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Example
data scores; input name $ 1-18 score1 25-27 score2 30-32 score3 3537; datalines; Joseph 11 32 76 Mitchel 13 29 82 Sue Ellen 14 27 74 ; Run;
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INPUT TYPES
INPUT, Formatted : Reads input values with specified informats and assigns them to the corresponding SAS variables.
Syntax:
INPUT <pointer-control> variable informat. <@ | @@>;
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Example
data sales; infile file-specification; input item $10. +5 jan comma5. +5 feb comma5. +5 mar comma5.; run;
It can read these input data records: ----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4 trucks 1,382 2,789 3,556 vans 1,265 2,543 3,987 sedans 2,391 3,011 3,658
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INPUT TYPES
INPUT, List : Scans the input data record for input values and assigns them to the corresponding SAS variables. Syntax : INPUT <pointer-control> variable <$> <&> <@ | @@>;
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Example
data scores; input name $ score1 score2 score3 team $; datalines; Joe 11 32 76 red Mitchel 13 29 82 blue Susan 14 27 74 green ;
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Merge Statement
The MERGE statement is flexible and has a variety of uses in SAS programming One-to-One Match Merge
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One-to-one matching
To combine variables from several data sets where there is a one-toone correspondence between the observations in each of the data sets, list the data sets to be joined on a merge statement.
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Match Merge
When there is not an exact one-to-one correspondence between data sets to be merged, the variables to use to identify matching observations can be specied on a by statement. The data sets being merged must be sorted by the variables specified on the by statement.
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Example One to One Merge
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Example Match Merge
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Example Match Merge
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Manipulating result of merge statement with IN values

* IN option indicates which data set record came from;
DATA new; MERGE old1 (IN=INOLD1) old2 (IN=IN0LD2); BY NAME IF INOLD1 and INOLD2;RUN;
* If statement keeps only those records that are in both data sets;
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SAS Functions
Definition of Functions
A SAS function performs a computation or system manipulation on arguments and returns a value. Most functions use arguments supplied by the user, but a few obtain their arguments from the operating environment. In base SAS software, you can use SAS functions in DATA step programming statements, in a WHERE expression, in macro language statements, in PROC REPORT, and in Structured Query Language (SQL).
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Syntax of Functions
The syntax of a function is

function-name (argument-1<. . .,argument-n>)
function-name (OF variable-list) where function-name names the function. argument can be a variable name, constant, or any SAS expression, including another function. The number and kind of arguments allowed are described with individual functions. Multiple arguments are separated by a comma.
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Selected SAS Functions
Numeric Functions
ROUND : Rounds to the nearest round-off unit.

Syntax ROUND(argument,round-off-unit) Arguments argument is numeric. round-off-unit is numeric and nonnegative.
Details : The ROUND function returns a value rounded to the nearest round-off unit. If round-off-unit is not provided, a default value of 1 is used and argument is rounded to the nearest integer.
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Function ROUND Examples : SAS Statement Results var1=223.456; 223.00000 x=round(var1,1); put x 9.5; var2=223.456; x=round(var2,.01); put x 9.5; 223.46000
x=round(223.456,100); put 200.00000 x 9.5; x=round(223.456); put x 9.5; 223.00000
x=round(223.456,.3); put x 223.33333 9.5;

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SUM : Returns the sum of the nonmissing arguments.

Syntax SUM(argument,argument, ...) Arguments argument is numeric. The argument list can consist of a variable list, which is preceded by OF.
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Function SUM Examples : SAS Statement x1=sum(4,9,3,8); x2=sum(4,9,3,8,.); x3=sum(of x1-x2); Results 24 24 48
x4=sum(of x1-x3, 5); 101 y1=20; y2=30; x5=sum(of y:); 50
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MEAN : Returns the arithmetic mean (average)

Syntax
MEAN(argument,argument, . . .) Arguments argument is numeric. At least one argument is required. The argument list may consist of a variable list, which is preceded by OF. Results Examples : SAS Statement x1=mean(2,.,.,6); x2=mean(1,2,3,2); x3=mean(of x1-x2); 4 2 3
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INT : Returns the integer value.

Syntax INT(argument) Arguments argument is numeric. Details The INT function returns the integer portion of the argument (truncates the decimal portion). If the value of argument is positive, INT(argument) has the same result as FLOOR(argument). If the value of argument is negative, INT(argument) has the same result as CEIL(argument).
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Function INT Examples : SAS Statement var1=2.1; x=int(var1); put x=; var2=-2.4; y=int(var2); put y=; a=int(3); put a=; b=int(-1.6); put b=; Results 2
-2
3 -1
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LAG : Returns values from a queue.

Syntax LAG<n>(argument) Arguments n specifies the number of lagged values. argument is numeric or character. Details The LAG functions, LAG1, LAG2, . . . , LAG100 return values from a queue. LAG1 can also be written as LAG. A LAGn function stores a value in a queue and returns a value stored previously in that queue.
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Function LAG Examples : Creating a Data Set The following program creates a data set that contains the values for X, Y, and Z. options pagesize=25 linesize=64 nodate pageno=1; data one; input X @@; Y=lag1(x); Z=lag2(x); datalines; 123456; proc print; title 'Lag Output'; run;
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Function LAG Examples : Creating a Data Set :LAG1 returns one missing value and the values of X (lagged once). LAG2 returns two missing values and the values of X (lagged twice). Lag Output Obs 1 2 3 4 5 6 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y . 1 2 3 4 5 Z . . 1 2 3 4 1
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Character Functions
UPCASE: Converts all letters in an argument to uppercase.

Syntax
UPCASE(argument) Arguments argument specifies any SAS character expression. Details : The UPCASE function copies a character argument, converts all lowercase letters to uppercase letters, and returns the altered value as a result.
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Function UPCASE Examples : SAS Statement name=upcase('John B. Smith'); put name; Results JOHN B. SMITH
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LOWCASE: Converts all letters in an argument to lowercase.

Syntax
LOWCASE(argument) Arguments argument specifies any SAS character expression. Details : The LOWCASE function copies a character argument, converts all uppercase letters to lowercase letters, and returns the altered value as a result.
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Function LOWCASE Examples : SAS Statement x='INTRODUCTION'; y=lowcase(x); put y; Results introduction
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SUBSTR (left of=): Replaces character value contents

Syntax SUBSTR(argument,position<,n>)=characters-to-replace Arguments argument specifies a character variable. position specifies a numeric expression that is the beginning character position. n specifies a numeric expression that is the length of the substring that will be replaced. characters-to-replace specifies a character expression that will replace the contents of argument.
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Details When you use the SUBSTR function on the left side of an assignment statement, SAS places the value of argument with the expression on right side. SUBSTR replaces n characters starting at the character you specify in position. Function SUBSTR(left of =) Examples : SAS Statement a='KIDNAP'; substr(a,1,3)='CAT'; put a; b=a; substr(b,4)='TY'; put b; Results CATNAP
CATTY
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SUBSTR(right of=):Extracts a substring from an argument

Syntax <variable=>SUBSTR(argument,position<,n>) Arguments variable specifies a valid SAS variable name. argument specifies any SAS character expression. position specifies a numeric expression that is the beginning character position. n specifies a numeric expression that is the length of the substring to extract.
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Details The SUBSTR function returns a portion of an expression that you specify in argument. The portion begins with the character specified by position and is the number of characters specified by n. A variable that is created by SUBSTR obtains its length from the length of argument. Function SUBSTR(right of =) Examples : SAS Statement Results ----+----1----+----2 date='06MAY98'; month=substr(date,3,3); year=substr(date,6,2); put @1 month @5 year; MAY 98
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SCAN : Selects a given word from a character expression.

Syntax SCAN(argument,n<, delimiters>) Arguments argument specifies any character expression. n specifies a numeric expression that produces the number of the word in the character string you want SCAN to select. delimiters specifies a character expression that produces characters that you want SCAN to use as word separators in the character string.
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Details Leading delimiters before the first word in the character string do not effect SCAN. If there are two or more contiguous delimiters, SCAN treats them as one. Function SCAN Examples : SAS Statement arg='ABC.DEF(X=Y)'; word=scan(arg,3); put word; word=scan(arg,-3); put word; Results X=Y
ABC
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TRIM: Removes trailing blanks from character expressions returns one blank if the expression is missing.
and
Syntax TRIM(argument) Arguments argument specifies any SAS character expression. Details : TRIM copies a character argument, removes all trailing blanks, and returns the trimmed argument as a result. If the argument is blank, TRIM returns one blank. TRIM is useful for concatenating because concatenation does not remove trailing blanks. Assigning the results of TRIM to a variable does not affect the length of the receiving variable. If the trimmed value is shorter than the length of the receiving variable, SAS pads the value with new blanks as it assigns it to the variable.
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Function TRIM Examples : 1. Removing Trailing Blanks These statements and this data line produce these results: data test; input part1 $ 1-10 part2 $ 11-20; hasblank=part1||part2; noblank=trim(part1)||part2; put hasblank; put noblank; datalines; Data Line Results apple sauce ----+----1----+----2 apple sauce applesauce
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TRANSLATES : Replaces specific characters in a character expression.

Syntax TRANSLATE(source,to-1,from-1<,...to-n,from-n>) Arguments source specifies the SAS expression that contains the original character value. to specifies the characters that you want TRANSLATE to use as substitutes. from specifies the characters that you want TRANSLATE to replace.
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Details The maximum number of pairs of to and from arguments that TRANSLATE accepts depends on the operating environment you use to run SAS. There is no functional difference between using several pairs of short arguments, or fewer pairs of longer arguments. Function TRANSLATE Examples : SAS Statement Results
x=translate('XYZW','AB','VW'); XYZB put x;
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LENGTH: Returns the length of an argument.

Syntax
LENGTH(argument) Arguments argument specifies any SAS expression. Details : The LENGTH function returns an integer that represents the position of the rightmost nonblank character in the argument. If the value of the argument is missing, LENGTH returns a value of 1. If the argument is a numeric variable (either initialized or uninitialized), LENGTH returns a value of 12 and prints a note in the SAS log that the numeric values have been converted to character values.
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Function LENGTH Examples : SAS Statements len=length('ABCDEF'); put len; Results 6
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INDEX: Searches a character expression for a string of characters.

Syntax INDEX(source,excerpt) Arguments source specifies the character expression to search. excerpt specifies the string of characters to search for in the character expression. Details : The INDEX function searches source, from left to right, for the first occurrence of the string specified in excerpt, and returns the position in source of the string's first character. If the string is not found in source, INDEX returns a value of 0. If there are multiple occurrences of the string, INDEX returns only the position of the first occurrence.
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Function INDEX Examples : SAS Statements a='ABC.DEF (X=Y)'; b='X=Y'; x=index(a,b); put x; Results 10
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SAS Statements
Definition of Statements
A SAS statement is a series of items that may include keywords, SAS names, special characters, and operators. All SAS statements end with a semicolon. A SAS statement either requests SAS to perform an operation or gives information to the system. There are two kinds of SAS statements:
those used in DATA step programming those that are global in scope and can be used anywhere in a SAS program.
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Selected SAS Statements
DATA step Statements
DELETE : Stops processing the current observation.

Syntax DELETE; Without Arguments When DELETE executes, the current observation is not written to a data set, and SAS returns immediately to the beginning of the DATA step for the next iteration. Details : The DELETE statement is often used in a THEN clause of an IFTHEN statement or as part of a conditionally executed DO group.
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Statement DELETE Examples : Example 1: Using the DELETE Statement as Part of an IF-THEN Statement When the value of LEAFWT is missing, the current observation is deleted: if leafwt=. then delete; Example 2: Using the DELETE Statement to Subset Raw Data data topsales; infile file-specification; input region office product yrsales; if yrsales<100000 then delete; run;
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DO : Designates a group of statements to be executed as a unit.

Syntax DO; ...more SAS statements... END; Without Arguments Use the DO statement for simple DO group processing. Details : The DO statement is the simplest form of DO group processing. The statements between the DO and END statements are called a DO group. You can nest DO statements within DO groups.
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Statement DO Examples : In this simple DO group, the statements between DO and END are performed only when YEARS is greater than 5. If YEARS is less than or equal to 5, statements in the DO group do not execute, and the program continues with the assignment statement that follows the ELSE statement. if years>5 then do; months=years*12; put years= months=; end; else yrsleft=5-years;
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DROP : Excludes variables from output SAS data sets

DROP variable-list; Arguments variable-list specifies the names of the variables to omit from the output
Syntax
data set.
Details : The DROP statement applies to all the SAS data sets that are created within the same DATA step and can appear anywhere in the step. The variables in the DROP statement are available for processing in the DATA step. If no DROP or KEEP statement appears, all data sets that are created in the DATA step contain all variables. Do not use both DROP and KEEP statements within the same DATA step.
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Statement DROP Examples :
These examples show the correct syntax for listing variables with the DROP statement: drop time shift batchnum; drop grade1-grade20; In this example, the variables PURCHASE and REPAIR are used in processing but are not written to the output data set INVENTRY: data inventry; drop purchase repair; infile file-specification; input unit part purchase repair; totcost=sum(purchase,repair); run;
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KEEP : Includes variables in output SAS data sets

Syntax KEEP variable-list; Arguments variable-list specifies the names of the variables to write to the output data set. Details : The KEEP statement causes a DATA step to write only the variables that you specify to one or more SAS data sets. The KEEP statement applies to all SAS data sets that are created within the same DATA step and can appear anywhere in the step. If no KEEP or DROP statement appears, all data sets that are created in the DATA step contain all variables.
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Statement KEEP Examples :
These examples show the correct syntax for listing variables in the KEEP statement: keep name address city state zip phone; keep rep1-rep5; This example uses the KEEP statement to include only the variables NAME and AVG in the output data set. The variables SCORE1 through SCORE20, from which AVG is calculated, are not written to the data set AVERAGE. data average; keep name avg; infile file-specification; input name $ score1-score20; avg=mean(of score1-score20); run;
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LABEL : Assigns descriptive labels to variables

Syntax LABEL variable-1='label-1' . . . <variable-n='label-n'>; LABEL variable-1=' ' . . . <variable-n=' '>; Arguments variable names the variable that you want to label 'label' specifies a label of up to 256 characters, including blanks. '' removes a label from a variable. Enclose a single blank space in remove an existing label.
quotation marks to
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Details Using a LABEL statement in a DATA step permanently associates labels with variables by affecting the descriptor information of the SAS data set that contains the variables. You can associate any number of variables with labels in a single LABEL statement.
Statement LABEL Examples :
Specifying Labels Here are several LABEL statements: label compound='Type of Drug'; label date="Today's Date "; label n='Mark''s Experiment Number'; label score1="Grade on April 1 Test" score2="Grade on May 1 Test";
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Removing a Label This example removes an existing label: data rtest; set rtest; label x=' '; run;
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LENGTH : Specifies the number of bytes for storing variables

Syntax LENGTH variable-specification(s) <DEFAULT=n>; Arguments variable-specification is a required argument and has the form where variable names one or more variables that are to be assigned a length. This includes any variables in the DATA step, including those dropped from the output data set. $ indicates that the preceding variables are character variables. length specifies a numeric constant that is the number of bytes used for storing variable values.
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DEFAULT=n changes the default number of bytes that SAS uses to store the values of any newly created numeric variables. Details In general, the length of a variable depends on whether the variable is numeric or character how the variable was created whether a LENGTH statement is present.
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RENAME : Specifies new names for variables in output SAS data sets
Syntax RENAME old-name-1=new-name-1 . . . <old-name-n=new-name-n>; Arguments old-name specifies the name of a variable or variable list as it appears in the input data set, or in the current DATA step for newly created variables. new-name specifies the name or list to use in the output data set. Details The RENAME statement allows you to change the names of one or more variables, variables in a list, or a combination of variables and variable lists. The new variable names are written to the output data set only. Use the old variable names in programming statements for the current DATA step. RENAME applies to all output data sets.
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Statement RENAME Examples :
These examples show the correct syntax for renaming variables using the RENAME statement

rename street=address; rename time1=temp1 time2=temp2 time3=temp3; rename name=Firstname score1-score3=Newscore1-Newscore3; This example uses the old name of the variable in program statements. The variable Olddept is named Newdept in the output data set, and the variable Oldaccount is named Newaccount. rename Olddept=Newdept Oldaccount=Newaccount; if Oldaccount>5000; keep Olddept Oldaccount items volume;
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WHERE : Selects observations from SAS data sets that meet a particular condition
Syntax WHERE where-expression-1 < logical-operator where-expression-n>; Arguments where-expression is an arithmetic or logical expression that generally consists of a sequence of operands and operators. logical-operator can be AND, AND NOT, OR, or OR NOT. Details :Using the WHERE statement may improve the efficiency of your SAS programs because SAS is not required to read all observations from the input data set. The WHERE statement cannot be executed conditionally; that is, you cannot use it as part of an IF-THEN statement. WHERE statements can contain multiple WHERE expressions that are joined by logical operators.
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Statement WHERE Examples :
Basic WHERE Statement Usage This DATA step produces a SAS data set that contains only observations from data set CUSTOMER in which the value for NAME begins with Mac and the value for CITY is Charleston or Atlanta data testmacs; set customer; where substr(name,1,3)='Mac' and (city='Charleston' or city='Atlanta'); run; Using Operators Available Only in the WHERE Statement Using BETWEEN-AND: where empnum between 500 and 1000; Using CONTAINS: where company ? 'bay'; where company contains 'bay';
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IF-THEN/ELSE : Executes a SAS statement for observations that meet specific
conditions
Syntax IF expression THEN statement; <ELSE statement;> Arguments expression is any SAS expression and is a required argument. statement can be any executable SAS statement or DO group.
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Details :SAS evaluates the expression in an IF-THEN statement to produce a result that is either nonzero, zero, or missing. A nonzero and nonmissing result causes the expression to be true; a result of zero or missing causes the expression to be false. If the conditions that are specified in the IF clause are met, the IF-THEN statement executes a SAS statement for observations that are read from a SAS data set, for records in an external file, or for computed values. An optional ELSE statement gives an alternative action if the THEN clause is not executed. The ELSE statement, if used, must immediately follow the IF-THEN statement.
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Statement IF-THEN\ELSE Examples : These examples show different ways of specifying the IF-THEN/ELSE statement if x then delete;
if status='OK' and type=3 then count+1; if age ne agecheck then delete; if x=0 then if y ne 0 then put 'X ZERO, Y NONZERO'; else put 'X ZERO, Y ZERO'; else put 'X NONZERO';
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BY : Controls the operation of a SET, MERGE, MODIFY, or UPDATE statement in the
DATA step and sets up special grouping variables

Syntax BY <DESCENDING> <GROUPFORMAT> variable-1 <. . .<DESCENDING> <GROUPFORMAT> variable-n> <NOTSORTED>;
Arguments DESCENDING indicates that the data sets are sorted in descending order by the variable that is specified. DESCENDING means largest to smallest numerically, or reverse alphabetical for character variables.
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variable names each variable by which the data set is sorted or indexed. These variables are referred to as BY variables for the current DATA or PROC step. NOTSORTED specifies that observations with the same BY value are grouped together but are not necessarily sorted in alphabetical or numeric order. Details :In a DATA Step the BY statement applies only to the SET, MERGE, MODIFY, or UPDATE statement that precedes it in the DATA step, and only one BY statement can accompany each of these statements in a DATA step In PROC step you can specify the BY statement with some SAS procedures to modify their action.
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Statement BY Examples : Specifying One or More BY Variables
Observations are in ascending order of the variable DEPT: by dept;
Specifying Sort Order
Observations are in ascending order of SALESREP and, within each SALESREP value, in descending order of the values of JANSALES: by salesrep descending jansales; BY-Processing with Nonsorted Data Observations are ordered by the name of the month in which the expenses were accrued: by month notsorted;
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RETAIN : Causes a variable that is created by an INPUT or assignment statement to
retain its value from one iteration of the DATA step to the next
Syntax RETAIN <element-list(s) <initial-value(s) | (initial-value-1) | (initial-value-list-1) > < . . . element-list-n <initial-value-n | (initial-value-n ) | (initial-value-list-n)>>>;
Without Arguments If you do not specify an argument, the RETAIN statement causes the values of all variables that are created with INPUT or assignment statements to be retained from one iteration of the DATA step to the next.
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Arguments element-list specifies variable names, variable lists, or array names whose initial-value specifies an initial value, numeric or character, for one or more (initial-value-list) specifies an initial value, numeric or character, for individual matches the first value in the list with the first variable in the the second variable, and so on. values you want retained. of the preceding elements. elements in the preceding list. SAS list of elements, the second value with
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Details: Without a RETAIN statement, SAS automatically sets variables that are assigned values by an INPUT or assignment statement to missing before each iteration of the DATA step. Use a RETAIN statement to specify initial values for individual variables, a list of variables, or members of an array. If a value appears in a RETAIN statement, variables that appear before it in the list are set to that value initially. (If you assign different initial values to the same variable by naming it more than once in a RETAIN statement, SAS uses the last value.) You can also use RETAIN to assign an initial value other than the default value of 0 to a variable whose value is assigned by a sum statement.
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Statement RETAIN Examples : This RETAIN statement retains the values of variables MONTH1 through MONTH5 from one iteration of the DATA step to the next: retain month1-month5;
This RETAIN statement retains the values of nine variables and sets their initial values: retain month1-month5 1 year 0 a b c 'XYZ'; The values of MONTH1 through MONTH5 are set initially to 1; YEAR is set to 0; variables A, B, and C are each set to the character value XYZ. This RETAIN statement assigns the initial value 1 to the variable MONTH1 only: retain month1-month5 (1); Variables MONTH2 through MONTH5 are set to missing initially.
Observations are ordered by the name of the month in which the expenses were accrued: by month notsorted;
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OUTPUT : Writes the current observation to a SAS data set
Syntax OUTPUT<data-set-name(s)>; Without Arguments Using OUTPUT without arguments causes the current observation to be written to all data sets that are named in the DATA statement. Arguments data-set-name specifies the name of a data set to which SAS writes the observation. Details: The OUTPUT statement tells SAS to write the current observation to a SAS data set immediately, not at the end of the DATA step. If no data set name is specified in the OUTPUT statement, the observation is written to the data set or data sets that are listed in the DATA statement.
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Statement OUTPUT Examples : These examples show how you can use an OUTPUT statement:
/* writes the current observation */ /* to a SAS data set */ output; /* writes the current observation */ /* when a condition is true */
if deptcode gt 2000 then output;
/* writes an observation to data */ /* set MARKUP when the PHONE */ /* value is missing */ if phone=. then output markup;
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PUT : Writes lines to the SAS log, to the SAS procedure output file, or to an external file
that is specified in the most recent FILE statement

Syntax PUT <specification(s)><_ODS_><@|@@>;
Without Arguments The PUT statement without arguments is called a null PUT statement. The null PUT statement writes the current output line to the current file, even if the current output line is blank. releases an output line that is being held by a previous PUT statement with a trailing @.
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Global Statements
LIBNAME : Associates or disassociates a SAS data library with a libref (a shortcut name); clears one or all librefs; lists the characteristics of a SAS data library; concatenates SAS data libraries; implicitly concatenates SAS catalogs.
Syntax 1. LIBNAME libref <engine> 'SAS-data-library' < options > <engine/host-options>;
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Arguments libref is a shortcut name or a "nickname" for the aggregate storage location where your SAS files are stored. It is any SAS name when you are assigning a new libref. When you are disassociating a libref from a SAS data library or when listing attributes, specify a libref that was previously assigned. 'SAS-data-library' must be the physical name for the SAS data library. The physical name is the name that is recognized by the operating environment. Enclose the physical name in single or double quotation marks. library-specification is two or more SAS data libraries, specified by physical names, previously-assigned librefs, or a combination of the two. Separate each specification with either a blank or a comma and enclose the entire list in parentheses.
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engine is an engine name. Details: The association between a libref and a SAS data library lasts only for the duration of the SAS session or until you change it or discontinue it with another LIBNAME statement. The simplest form of the LIBNAME statement specifies only a libref and the physical name of a SAS data library:
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Statement LIBNAME Examples : Assigning and Using a Libref This example assigns the libref SALES to an aggregate storage location that is specified in quotation marks as a physical pathname. The DATA step creates SALES.QUARTER1 and stores it in that location. The PROC PRINT step references it by its two-level name, SALES.QUARTER1
libname sales 'SAS-data-library'; data sales.quarter1; infile 'your-input-file; input salesrep $20. +6 jansales febsales marsales; run; proc print data=sales.quarter1; run;
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TITLE : Specifies title lines for SAS output
Syntax TITLE <n> <'text' | "text">; Without Arguments Using TITLE without arguments cancels all existing titles. Arguments n specifies the relative line that contains the title line. 'text' | "text" specifies text that is enclosed in single or double quotation marks. Details: A TITLE statement takes effect when the step or RUN group with which it is associated executes. Once you specify a title for a line, it is used for all subsequent output until you cancel the title or define another title for that line. A TITLE statement for a given line cancels the previous TITLE statement for that line and for all lines with larger n numbers.
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Statement TITLE Examples : This statement suppresses a title on line n and all lines after it: titlen;
These are examples of TITLE statements:

title 'First Draft'; title2 "Year's End Report"; title2 'Year''s End Report';
These statements illustrate #BYVAL, #BYVAR, and #BYLINE.

title 'Quarterly Sales for #byval(site)'; title 'Annual Costs for #byvar2'; title 'Data Group #byline';
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FOOTNOTE : Prints up to ten lines of text at the bottom of the procedure or DATA step
output
Syntax FOOTNOTE<n > <'text' | "text" >; Without Arguments Using FOOTNOTE without arguments cancels all existing Arguments n specifies the relative line to be occupied by the footnote. 'text' | "text" specifies the text of the footnote in single or double
footnotes.
quotation marks.
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Details: A FOOTNOTE statement takes effect when the step or RUN group with which it is associated executes. Once you specify a footnote for a line, SAS repeats the same footnote on all pages until you cancel or redefine the footnote for that line. When a FOOTNOTE statement is specified for a given line, it cancels the previous FOOTNOTE statement for that line and for all footnote lines with higher numbers. Statement FOOTNOTE Examples :
These examples of a FOOTNOTE statement result in the same footnote:

footnote8 "Managers' Meeting"; footnote8 'Managers'' Meeting';
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SAS Options
Definition of Options
Data set options specify actions that apply only to the SAS data set with which they appear. They let you perform such operations as

renaming variables selecting only the first or last n observations for processing dropping variables from processing or from the output data set specifying a password for a SAS data set.
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Syntax of Options
Specify a data set option in parentheses after a SAS data set name. To specify several data set options, separate them with spaces. (option-1=value-1<. . . option-n=value-n>) These examples show data set options in SAS statements:

data scores(keep=team game1 game2 game3); proc print data=new(drop=year); set old(rename=(date=Start_Date));
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Selected SAS Options
DROP : Excludes variables from processing or from output SAS data sets.
Syntax DROP=variable(s) Syntax Description variable(s) lists one or more variable names. You can list the variables in any form that SAS allows.
Details : If the option is associated with an input data set, the variables are not available for processing. If the DROP= data set option is associated with an output data set, SAS does not write the variables to the output data set, but they are available for processing.
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Option DROP Example :
Excluding Variables from Input In this example, the variables SALARY and GENDER are not included in processing and they are not written to either output data set:
data plan1 plan2; set payroll(drop=salary gender); if hired<'01jan98'd then output plan1; else output plan2; run;
You cannot use SALARY or GENDER in any logic in the DATA step because DROP= prevents the SET statement from reading them from PAYROLL.
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KEEP : Specifies variables for processing or for writing to output SAS data sets
Syntax KEEP=variable(s) Syntax Description variable(s) lists one or more variable names. You can list the variables in any form that SAS allows.
Details : If the KEEP= data set option is associated with an input data set, only those variables that are listed after the KEEP= data set option are available for processing. If the KEEP= data set option is associated with an output data set, only the variables listed after the option are written to the output data set, but all variables are available for processing.
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Option KEEP Example :
In this example, only IDNUM and SALARY are read from PAYROLL, and they are the only variables in PAYROLL that are available for processing:
data bonus; set payroll(keep=idnum salary); bonus=salary*1.1; run;
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RENAME : Changes the name of a variable.

Syntax RENAME=(old-name-1=new-name-1 < . . . old-name-n=newSyntax Description old-name the variable you want to rename. new-name the new name of the variable. It must be a valid SAS name. name-n>)
Details : If you use the RENAME= data set option when you create a data set, the new variable name is included in the output data set. If you use RENAME= on an input data set, the new name is used in DATA step programming statements.
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Option RENAME Example :
Renaming a Variable at Time of Output This example uses RENAME= in the DATA statement to show that the variable is renamed at the time it is written to the output data set. The variable keeps its original name, X, during the DATA step processing:
data two(rename=(x=keys)); set one; z=x+y; run;
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FIRSTOBS : Causes processing to begin at a specified observation.

Syntax FIRSTOBS=n Syntax Description n is a positive integer that is less than or equal to the number of in the data set.
observations
Details : The FIRSTOBS= data set option is valid when an existing SAS data set is read. You cannot use this option when a WHERE statement or WHERE= data set option is specified in the same DATA or PROC step.
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Option FIRSTOBS Example :
This PROC step prints the data set STUDY beginning with observation 20:
proc print data=study(firstobs=20); run;
This SET statement uses both FIRSTOBS= and OBS= to read only observations 5 through 10 from the data set STUDY. Data set NEW contains six observations.
data new; set study(firstobs=5 obs=10); run;
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OBS : Causes processing to end with the nth observation.
Syntax OBS=n|MAX Syntax Description n specifies a positive integer that is less than or equal to the number of observations in the data set or zero. MAX represents the total number of observations in the data set. Details : This option specifies the number of the last observation to process, not how many observations should be processed. It is valid only when an existing SAS data set is read. Use OBS=0 to create an empty data set that has the structure, but not the attributes, of another data set.
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Option OBS Example :
In this example, the OBS= data set option in the SET statement reads in the first ten observations from data set OLD:
data new; set old(obs=10); run;
This statement prints only observations 5 through 10 in data set STUDY:
proc print data=study(firstobs=5 obs=10);
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WHERE : Selects observations that meet the specified condition

Syntax WHERE=(where-expression) Syntax Description where-expression is an arithmetic or logical expression that consists of a sequence of operators, operands, and SAS functions. The expression must be enclosed in parentheses. Details : Use the WHERE= data set option with an input data set to select observations that meet the condition specified in the WHERE expression before SAS brings them into the DATA or PROC step for processing. Selecting observations that meet the conditions of the WHERE expression is the first operation SAS performs in each iteration of the DATA step.
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Option WHERE Example :
Selecting Observations from an Input Data Set This example uses the WHERE= data set option to subset the SALES data set as it is read into another data set:
data whizmo; set sales(where=(product='whizmo')); run;
Selecting Observations from an Output Data Set This example uses the WHERE= data set option to subset the SALES output data set:
data whizmo(where=(product='whizmo')); set sales; run;
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SAS Format
Definition of Format
A format is an instruction that SAS uses to write data values. You use formats to control the written appearance of data values, or, in some cases, to group data values together for analysis. For example, the WORDS22. format, which converts numeric values to their equivalent in words, writes the numeric value 692 as six hundred ninety-two
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Syntax of Format
SAS formats have the following form: <$>format<w>.<d> where $ indicates a character format; its absence indicates a numeric format. format names the format. w specifies the format width, which for most formats is the number of columns in the output data. d specifies an optional decimal scaling factor in the numeric formats.
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Selected SAS Formats
$CHARw: Writes standard character data.

Syntax $CHARw. Syntax Description w specifies the width of the output field.
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Format $CHARw Example : put @7 name $char4.;
Values Results ----+----1 XYZ XYZ
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$w: Writes standard character data.

Syntax $w. Syntax Description w specifies the width of the output field. You can specify a number or a column range.
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Format $w Example : put @10 name $5.; put name $ 10-15;
Values Results ----+----1----+---2 #Cary Tokyo Cary Tokyo
*The character # represents a blank space.
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DOLLARw.d: Writes numeric values with dollar signs, commas, and decimal points
Syntax DOLLARw.d Syntax Description w specifies the width of the output field. d optionally specifies the number of digits to the right of the decimal point in the numeric value. Details:The DOLLARw.d format writes numeric values with a leading dollar sign, with a comma that separates every three digits, and a period that separates the decimal fraction
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Format DOLLARw.d Example : put @3 netpay dollar10.2;
Values 1254.71 Results ----+----1----+ $1,254.71
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SAS Informat
Definition of Informat
An informat is an instruction that SAS uses to read data values into a variable. Unless you explicitly define a variable first, SAS uses the informat to determine whether the variable is numeric or character. SAS also uses the informat to determine the length of character variables.
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Syntax of Informat
SAS Informats have the following form: <$>informat<w>.<d> where $ indicates a character format; its absence indicates a numeric format. informat names the informat. w specifies the informat width, which for most informats is the number of columns in the input data. d specifies an optional decimal scaling factor in the numeric informats.SAS divides the input data by 10 to the power of d.
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Selected SAS Informats
$CHARw: Reads character data with blanks.

Syntax $CHARw.
Syntax Description w specifies the width of the input field. Details:The $CHARw. informat does not trim leading and trailing blanks or convert a single period in the input data field to a blank before storing values. If you use $CHARw. in an INFORMAT or ATTRIB statement within a DATA step to read list input, then by default SAS interprets any blank embedded within data as a field delimiter, including leading blanks.
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Informat $CHARw Example : put @1 name $char5.;
Data lines ----+----1 XYZ XYZ . X YZ XYZ## #XYZ# ##.## #X#YZ Results
*The character # represents a blank space

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$w: Reads standard character data.
Syntax $w. Syntax Description w specifies the width of the input field. You must specify w because SAS does not supply a default value. Details: The $w. informat trims leading blanks and left aligns the values before storing the text. In addition, if a field contains only blanks and a single period, $w. converts the period to a blank because it interprets the period as a missing value. The $w. informat treats two or more periods in a field as character data.
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Format $w Example : input @1 name $5.;
Data lines ----+----1 XYZ XYZ . X YZ X#YZ# XYZ## XYZ## Results
*The character # represents a blank space

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SAS Procedures

Print Format Sort Append Contents Transpose SQL

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Proc Print
The PRINT procedure prints the observations in a SAS data set, using all or some of the variables.
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Syntax
PROC PRINT <option(s)BY <DESCENDING> variable-1 <...<DESCENDING> variable; VAR variable(s);
Options: Obs=n
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Hands-On Exercise
Create a List Report from the Cake Dataset displaying the first 10 Observations Expected Output:
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Solution
proc print data = cake (obs=10); var lastname flavor pscore; run;
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User Defined Format
Proc Format The FORMAT procedure enables you to define your own informats and formats for variables.
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Syntax
PROC FORMAT <option(s)>; VALUE <$>name <(formatoption(s))> value-range-set(s);
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Example

Proc Format; value $genders m=Male f=Female Run; Proc Print data=customer.demo; format sex $gender.; run;
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Output
Cust_id Name Address Sex 2335 Jimmy Birmingham,UK Male 5889 Chen, Len Birmingham,UK Female 3878 Davis, Brad Plymouth,UK Male 4553 Maria Miami USA
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Hands-On Exercise
Display the values of the variable SEX in Class dataset as 1 and 2 , instead of the default values.
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Hands-On Exercise
Expected Output
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Solution
proc format; value $sex 'M' = 1 'F' = 2 ; run; proc print data = train.class; format sex $sex.; run;
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Proc Sort
The SORT procedure sorts observations in a SAS data set by one or more character or numeric variables, either replacing the original data set or creating a new, sorted data set.
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Syntax
PROC SORT <option(s)> <collating-sequence-option> BY <DESCENDING> variable-1 <...<DESCENDING> variable-n>; Options(s) :nodupkey
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Example
Account
Company Paul's Pizza Apex World Wide Electronics Garner Strickland Industries Debt 83.00 119.95 657.22 Town Apex Apex Apex Apex
Morrisville Ice Cream 299.98 Delight
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proc sort data=account out=bytown; by town company; run; proc print data=bytown; var company town debt; title 'Customers with Past-Due Accounts'; SAS Training title2 'Listed Alphabetically
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Output
Customers with Past-Due Accounts Listed Alphabetically within Town Obs Company Town Debt
1 2 3 4 Apex World Wide Electronics Garner Strickland Industries Morrisville Ice Cream Delight Paul's Pizza
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Apex Apex Apex Apex
119.95 657.22 299.98 83.00

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Duplicate observations
proc sort data=account out=towns nodupkey; by town; run;
proc print data=towns; var town company debt ; title 'Towns of Customers with Past-Due Accounts; run;
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Output
Towns of Customers with Past-Due Accounts
Obs Town Company Debt
1 2 3 4
Apex Garner Holly Springs Morrisville
Paul's Pizza World Wide Electronics Ice Cream Delight Strickland Industries
83.00 119.95 299.98 657.22
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Hands-On Exercise
SORT DUPOBS dataset to create dataset A. sort the data by descending tourtype and vendor and ascending landcost Expected Output
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Solution
proc sort data = dupobs ; by descending tourtype descending vendor landcost; run;
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Proc Append
The APPEND procedure adds the observations from one SAS data set to the end of another SAS data set Remember: Both data sets contained the same variables. If Appending data sets with different variables, use the FORCE option
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Syntax
PROC APPEND BASE=<libref.>SAS-data-set <DATA=<libref.>SAS-data-set> <FORCE> ;
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Class 1 -2
name Andrew 15 Robert 15 Philip 14
Example
age height 67
Class
name age height 60 55 72
Andrea 16 78 70 Linda 13 Stephen 17
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Example
PROC APPEND BASE=class1 DATA=class2; RUN;
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Output
name Andrew Robert Philip
Andrea Linda
age 15 15 14
16 13
height 67 78 70
60 55
Stephen
17
72
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Hands On - Exercise
Append datasets DEPT1 and DEPT2 and create replace DEPT1 with the appended dataset Expected Output
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Solution
proc append base = dept1 data=dept2; run;
proc print data = dept1; run;
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Proc Contents
The CONTENTS procedure shows the contents of a SAS data set and prints the directory of the SAS data library.
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Example
proc contents data=test.records; run;
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Output
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Hands-On Exercise
Display the Dataset structure of DUPOBS dataset
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Proc Transpose
The TRANSPOSE procedure creates an output data set by restructuring the values in a SAS data set, transposing selected variables into observations.
Original data X Y 12 19 21 15 33 27 14 32
Z 14 19 82 99
=)
Transposed data _NAME_ COL1 COL2 COL3 COL4 X 12 21 33 14 Y 19 15 27 32 Z 14 19 82 99
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Syntax
PROC TRANSPOSE <DATA=input-data-set> <LABEL=label> <LET> <NAME=name> <OUT=output-data-set> <PREFIX=prefixBY <DESCENDING> variable-1 <...<DESCENDING> variable-n> <NOTSORTED>; COPY variable(s); ID variable; IDLABEL variable; VAR variable(s);
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To do this
Use this statement

BY COPY ID IDLABEL VAR
Transpose each BY group Copy variables directly without transposing them Specify a variable whose values name the transposed variables Create labels for the transposed variables List the variables to transpose
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Hands-On Exercise
Transpose the dataset grp_tran in the Train library to get the output as shown below
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Solution
proc sort data = grp_tran; by grp; run; proc transpose data = grp_tran out = result (drop= _name_); by grp; run; proc print data = result; run;
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Proc SQL
The SQL procedure implements Structured Query Language (SQL) for the SAS System. SQL is a standardized, widely used language that retrieves and updates data in tables and views based on those tables
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Syntax
PROC SQL <option(s)>; ALTER TABLE table-name <constraint-clause> <,constraint-clause>...>; <ADD column-definition <,column-definition>...> <MODIFY column-definition <,column-definition>...> <DROP column <,column>...>;
CONT.
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CREATE TABLE table-name (column-definition <,column-definition>...);

(column-specification , ...<constraint-specification > ,...) ; DROP TABLE table-name <,table-name>...; DROP VIEW view-name <,view-name>...; INSERT INTO table-name|sas/access-view|proc-sqlview<(column<,column>...)> VALUES (value<,value>...) <VALUES (value <,value>...)>...;
Syntax
CONT.
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Syntax
SELECT <DISTINCT> object-item <,object-item>... FROM from-list <WHERE sql-expression> <GROUP BY group-by-item <,group-by-item>...> <HAVING sql-expression> <ORDER BY order-by-item <,order-by-item>...>;
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Example
Proc Sql; select Lname, Fname, City, State, IdNumber, Salary, Jobcode from staff, payroll where idnumber=idnum ; Quit;
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Hands-On Exercise
Create Table for Females from the Class dataset using Proc Sql. Expected Output
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Solution
proc sql; create table females as select * from class where sex = 'F'; select * from females; quit;
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Proc GPLOT
The GPLOT procedure plots the values of two or more variables on a set of coordinate axes (X and Y). The coordinates of each point on the plot correspond to two variable values in an observation of the input data set.
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Syntax
PROC GPLOT <DATA=input-data-set> </option(s) >; PLOT plot-request(s) </option(s)PLOT2 plotrequest(s) option(s)>;
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Example
proc gplot data = dupobs; goptions reset = all; plot landcost*country; run;
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Output
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Example
proc gplot data = dupobs; goptions reset=all; symbol1 color = green value=triangle ; symbol2 color=blue value=circle; symbol3 color=red value=square; plot landcost*country=vendor; run;
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Output
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PROC MEANS
The MEANS procedure provides data summarization tools to compute descriptive statistics for variables across all observations and within groups of observations.
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Syntax
PROC MEANS <option(s)> BY <DESCENDING> variable-1 <... <DESCENDING> variablen><NOTSORTED>; CLASS variable(s) </ option(s)>; OUTPUT <OUT=SAS-data-set> <output-statistic-specification(s)>
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PROC MEANS (OPTIONS)

Specify the number of decimal MAXDEC= places for the statistics Suppress all displayed output NOPRINT Order the values of the class ORDER= variables according to the specified order Limit the output statistics to the observations with the highest _TYPE_ valueSAS Training NWAY
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PROC MEANS (BY)

Produces separate statistics for each BY group.
Example: Input Data set
proc sort data = temp; by cat; run; proc means data = temp; by cat; output out = temp1; run;
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PROC MEANS (CLASS)

Specifies the variables whose values define the subgroup combinations for the analysis.
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PROC MEANS (NWAY)

proc means data = prod nway; class cat product; var sales; output out = prodsta n=n sum=total; run;
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PROC MEANS (OUTPUT)

Outputs statistics to a new SAS data set
Input Data set
proc means data = sales; class prod; output out = temp n = Cost_n sal_n mean=Cost_m Sale_m; run;
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PROC MEANS (CLASS)

proc means data = prod; class cat product; var sales; output out = prodsta n=n sum=total; run;
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PROC MEANS (VAR)

Identifies the analysis variables and their order in the output. If you omit the VAR statement, PROC MEANS analyzes all numeric variables that are not listed in the other statements. When all variables are character variables, PROC MEANS produces a simple count of observations.
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PROC Summary
The SUMMARY procedure provides data summarization tools that compute descriptive statistics for variables across all observations or within groups of observations SAS Training
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Syntax
PROC SUMMARY <option(s)> <statistic-keyword(s)BY <DESCENDING> variable-1<...<DESCENDING> variable-n> <NOTSORTED>; CLASS variable(s) </ option(s)>; FREQ variable; OUTPUT <OUT=SAS-data-set><output-statistic-specification(s)> <id-group-specification(s)> <maximum-id-specification(s)> <minimum-id-specification(s)></ option(s)> ; VAR variable(s)</ WEIGHT=weight-variable>;
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Difference Between Proc Means & Proc Summary

Both PROC MEANS and PROC SUMMARY compute descriptive statistics for an entire SAS data set. The Difference Between them :
. PROC MEANS produces PROC SUMMARY subgroup statistics only automatically produces when a BY statement is statistics for all subgroups, used and the input data giving you all the has been previously sortedinformation in one run (use PROC SORT) by the BY variables
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Difference Between Proc Means & Proc Summary

. PROC MEANS produce information in the output window. PROC SUMMARY does not produce any information in your output so you will always need to use the OUTPUT statement to create a new data set and use PROC PRINT to see the computed statistics.
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PROC REPORT
Overview:
The REPORT procedure combines features of the PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures with features of the DATA step in a single report-writing tool that can produce a variety of reports
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PROC REPORT (TYPES)
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PROC REPORT (TYPES)
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PROC REPORT (Concept)

The most important thing to figure out is the layout of the report. Once you understand the layout of the report, use the COLUMN and DEFINE statements in PROC REPORT to construct the layout.
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Typical Report Example

Input Data set
proc report data = rep nowd headline headskip; column product sales; define product / 'Product Name' order; define sales / 'Sales Occured' format=8.2; run;
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PROC REPORT (Syntax)

PROC REPORT <option(s)>; BY <DESCENDING> variable-1 COLUMN column-specification(s); COMPUTE LINE specification(s); . . . select SAS language elements . . . ENDCOMP; DEFINE report-item ; SAS Training REBREAK location </ option(s)>; 200
PROC REPORT (OPTIONS)

Select the windowing or the nonwindowing environment Specify the default number of characters for columns containing computed variables or numeric data set variables Underline all column headers and the spaces between them Write a blank line beneath all column headers Specify the split character Specify the number of blank characters between columns
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WINDOWS| NOWINDOWS COLWIDTH=
HEADLINE HEADSKIP SPLIT= SPACING=

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PROC REPORT (COLUMN)

Describes the arrangement of all columns and of headers that span more than one column. column-specification(s) is one or more of the following:

report-item(s) report-item-1, report-item-2 <. . . , report-item-n> (`header-1 ' < . . . `header-n '> report-item(s) ) report-item=name
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PROC REPORT (COLUMN)

Examples column sector manager N sales; column sector sales,min; column ('Individual Store Sales as a Percent of All Sales' sector manager); column manager department sales sales=salesmin sales=salesmax;
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PROC REPORT
Decide the usage of a variable in DEFINE statement these usages are DISPLAY ORDER ACROSS GROUP ANALYSIS
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PROC REPORT (DEFINE)

DISPLAY Do not affect the order of variables in a row ORDER Used to change order of variables (Ascending/Descending/Formatted) ACROSS - creates a column for each value of an across variable. GROUP Creates Groups Analysis To calculate statistics Computed Variables defined for the report not on input data set
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PROC REPORT (DEFINE OPTIONS)

Assign a SAS or user-defined format to the item Order the values of a group, order, or across variable according to the specified order Define the number of blank characters to leave between the column being defined and the column immediately to its left Define the width of the column in which PROC REPORT displays the report item Reverse the order in which PROC REPORT displays rows or values of a group, order, or across variable JUSTIFY Formatted Values
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FORMAT= ORDER= SPACING=
WIDTH= DESCENDING
CENTER, LEFT, RIGHT

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PROC REPORT (BREAK)

Produces a default summary at the beginning or end of a report or at the beginning and end of each BY group. RBREAK location </ option(s)>;
Write a blank line for the last break line of a break located at the beginning of the report Include a summary line as one of the break lines SKIP
SUMMARIZE
Start a new page after the last break line of a break located at the beginning of the report
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Example
Input Data set
proc report data = rep nowd headline headskip split='*'; column ('This is sales report' product N sales sales,min discount newprice); define product / 'Product Name' group; define sales / 'My*Sales' format=8.2; define min / 'Min'; define newprice / 'Discount Price' computed; compute newprice; newprice = _c3_ - _c5_; endcomp; break after product / skip; run; SAS Training 208
SAS Date
SAS Date : is a value that represents the number of days between January 1, 1960, and a specified date. SAS can perform calculations on dates ranging from A.D. 1582 to A.D. 19,900. Dates before January 1, 1960, are negative numbers; dates after are positive numbers.
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SAS Date
How SAS Converts Calendar Dates to SAS Date Values :
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SAS Date
Working with SAS Dates :
The SAS System converts date values back and forth between calendar dates with SAS language elements called formats and informats. Formats present a value, recognized by SAS, such as a date value, as a calendar date in a variety of lengths and notations. Informats read notations or a value, such as a calendar date, which may be in a variety of lengths, and then convert the data to a SAS date.
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SAS Date
Example: Reading, Writing, and Calculating Date Values
data meeting; options nodate pageno=1 linesize=80 pagesize=60; input region $ mtg : mmddyy8.; sendmail=mtg-45; datalines; N 11-24-99 S 12-28-99 E 12-03-99 W 10-04-99 ;
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SAS Date
proc print data=meeting; format mtg sendmail date9.; title 'When To Send Announcements'; run;
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SAS Date
Date formats DATEw. Format: Writes date values in the form ddmmmyy or ddmmmyyyy. Syntax : DATEw.
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SAS Date
Examples
The example table uses the input value of 15415, which is the SAS date value that corresponds to March 16, 2002.
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SAS Date
DDMMYYw. Format : Writes date values in the
form ddmmyy or ddmmyyyy. Syntax DDMMYYw.
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SAS Date
Examples : The example table uses the input value of 15415, which is the SAS date value that corresponds to March 16, 2002.
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SAS Date
Date Informats DATEw. : Reads date values in the form ddmmmyy or ddmmmyyyy. Syntax DATEw.
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SAS Date
Example : input calendar_date date11.;
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SAS Date
DDMMYYw. Informat :Reads date values in the form ddmmyy or ddmmyyyy. Syntax DDMMYYw.
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SAS Date
Example : input calendar_date ddmmyy10.;
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SAS Date
Functions DATE Function : Returns the current date as a SAS date value Syntax : DATE() Details : The DATE function produces the current date in the form of a SAS date value, which is the number of days since January 1, 1960.
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SAS Date
Example : tday=date(); Put tday ddmmyy8.;
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SAS Date
TODAY function : Returns the current date as a SAS date value. Syntax : TODAY() Details : TODAY is identical to the DATE function. The TODAY function produces the current date in the form of a SAS date value, which is the number of days since January 1, 1960.
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SAS Date
YEAR function : Returns the year from a SAS date value. Syntax : YEAR(date) Details : The YEAR function produces a four-digit numeric value that represents the year.
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SAS Date
Example :
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SAS Date
MONTH function : Returns the month from a SAS date value. Syntax : MONTH(date) Details : The MONTH function returns a numeric value that represents the month from a SAS date value. Numeric values can range from 1 through 12.
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SAS Date
Example :
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SAS Date
DAY Function : Returns the day of the month from a SAS date value. Syntax : DAY(date) Details : The DAY function produces an integer from 1 to 31 that represents the day of the month.
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SAS Date
Example :
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SAS Date
QTR function: Returns the quarter of the year from a SAS date value. Syntax : QTR(date) Details : The QTR function returns a value of 1, 2, 3, or 4 from a SAS date value to indicate the quarter of the year in which a date value falls.
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SAS Date
Example :
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SAS Date
WEEKDAY Function : Returns the day of the week from a SAS date value. Syntax : WEEKDAY(date) Details : The WEEKDAY function produces an integer that represents the day of the week, where 1=Sunday, 2=Monday, . . . , 7=Saturday.
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SAS Date
Example :
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SAS Date
MDY Function :Returns a SAS date value from month, day, and year values. Syntax : MDY(month,day,year)
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SAS Date
Example :
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INTRODUCTION TO MACROS
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What is a Macro Facility?
The macro facility is a tool for extending and customizing the SAS System and for reducing the amount of text you must enter to do common tasks
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Replacing Text Strings Using Macro Variables
Macro variables are an efficient way of replacing text strings in SAS code The Simplest way to define a macro variable is to use the %LET statement to assign the macro variable a name and a value. Eg: %let macname = Test;
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Replacing Text Strings Using Macro Variables
Resolve a Macro Variable Value using the & symbol Eg: %let macname = Test; title This is a &macname The macro processor resolves the reference to the macro variable MACNAME, and the statement becomes Title This is a Test
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Generating SAS Code Using Macros Macros Allow you to execute a SAS code multiple times without compiling it. A macro definition is placed between a %MACRO statement and a %MEND (macro end) statement, as follows: %MACRO macro-name; SAS code %MEND macro-name; Execute the macro using %macro-name
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Generating SAS Code Using Macros Eg:

%macro mac1; data temp1; set temp; x= Hello; run; %mend mac1; %mac1; Execution of this macro SAS Training the following produces
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Generating SAS Code Using Macros
Execution of this macro produces the following program: data temp1; set temp; x= Hello; run;
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Hands On Exercise
Create a macro datcrt that creates a data set cake1 from train.cake
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Solution
%macro datcrt; data cake1; set train.cake; run; %macro datcrt; %datcrt;
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Passing Information into a Macro Using Parameters
A macro variable defined in parentheses in a %MACRO statement is a macro parameter Macro parameters allow you to pass information into a macro
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Passing Information into a Macro Using Parameters Eg:

%macro mac2 (dest= , src = ); data &src; set &dest; x= Hello; run;
You invoke the macro by providing values for the parameters, as follows:
%mac2 (dest=temp1, src=temp) ; %mac2 (dest=temp2, src=temp); SAS Training

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Hands On Exercise
Create a Macro datprnt that prints the data set cake and dept1 when passed as a macro parameter
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Solution
%macro datprnt (dat= ); proc print data = &dat; run; %mend datprnt; %datprnt (dat=cake); %datprnt (dat=dept1);
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Conditionally Generating SAS Code Use %IF-%THEN-%ELSE macro statements to conditionally generate SAS code with a macro. Eg:
%macro test (info= , mydata = ); %if &info = print %then %do; proc print data = &mydata; run; %end; %else %if &info = report %then %do; proc report data = &mydata; run; %end; %mend test;
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Conditionally Generating SAS Code
%test(info=print,mydata = data1); /* Calling the Macro */ Result of the macro execution: Proc print data = data1; run;
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Macro Variables
Macro variables are tools that enable you to dynamically modify the text in a SAS program through symbolic substitution. You can assign large or small amounts of text to macro variables, and after that, you can use that text by simply referencing the variable that contains it. Macro variables defined by macro programmers are called user-defined macro variables. Eg: %let name = Henry Woodbridge is Male; Those defined by the SAS System are called automatic macro variables Eg: Sysdate,Sysday, SysProcessID, etc.
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Methods to create User Defined Macro Variables

%Let iterative %DO statement %GLOBAL statement %INPUT statement INTO clause of the SELECT statement in SQL %LOCAL statement %MACRO statement SYMPUT routine %WINDOW statement.
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Using Macro Variables

After a macro variable is created, you typically use the variable by referencing it with an ampersand preceding its name (&variablename), which is called a macro variable reference. These references perform symbolic substitutions when they resolve to their value. Eg: %let dsn=Newdata;
title1 "Contents of Data Set &dsn"; data temp; set &dsn; if age>=20; run;
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Using Macro Variables

if macro variable JERRY is misspelled as JERY, the following produces an unexpected result: %let jerry=student; data temp; x="produced by &jery"; run; This produces the following message: WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference JERY not resolved. Note: Display the macro variable value using %put Eg: %put &jerry;
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Combining Macro Variable References with Text

When the macro variable is appended after a text, directly reference it with the text. When a text is appended after a macro variable, use the delimiter . between the macro variable reference and the text DATA=PERSNL&YR.EMPLOYES, where &YR contains two characters for a year
Data = &MONTH&YR
%let name=sales; data new&name; set save.&name; more SAS statements run; The SAS system sees it as DATA NEWSALES; SET SAVE.SALES; more SAS statements RUN;
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Combining Macro Variable References with Text
Eg:
DATA=PERSNL&YR.EMPLOYES, where &YR contains two characters for a year Data = &MONTH&YR %let name=sales; data new&name; set save.&name; more SAS statements run; The SAS system sees it as DATA NEWSALES; SET SAVE.SALES; more SAS statements RUN;
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Hands On Exercise
Create a data set newcake from cake by passing cake as a macro parameter
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Solution
%macro app(dat=); data new&dat; set cake; run; %mend app; %app(dat=cake);
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Hands On Exercise
Create a data set cakenew from cake by passing cake as a macro parameter
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Solution
%macro app(dat=); data &dat.new; set cake; run; %mend app; %app(dat=cake);
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Referencing Macro Variables Indirectly

It is also useful to be able to indirectly reference macro variables that belong to a series so that the name is determined when the macro variable reference resolves. Eg: %let City1 = Mumbai; %let City2 = Delhi; %let City3 = Chennai For example, you could use the value of macro variable N to reference a variable in the series of macro variables named CITY1 to CITY3. If N has the value 1, the reference would be to CITY1. If the value of N is 3, the reference would be to CITY3. %put &city&n; /* incorrect */
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Referencing Macro Variables Indirectly

% put &&city&n; /* correct */ When the macro processor encounters multiple ampersands, its basic action is to resolve two ampersands to one ampersand. For example, to append the value of &N to CITY and then reference the appropriate variable name Assuming that &N contains 3, when the macro processor receives this statement, it performs the following steps: resolves && to & passes CITY as text resolves &N into 3 returns to the beginning of the macro variable reference, &CITY3, starts resolving from the beginning again, and prints the value of CITY3 which is Chennai.
1. 2. 3. 4.
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Debugging a Macro Program

Use the following Options to Debug a Macro code: 1) MLOGIC : Controls whether macro execution is traced for debugging Each line generated by the MLOGIC option is identified with the prefix MLOGIC(macro-name) 2) MPRINT : Controls whether SAS statements generated by macro execution are traced for debugging The MPRINT option displays the text generated by macro execution. Each SAS statement begins a new line. Each line of MPRINT output is identified with the prefix MPRINT(macro-name): 3) SYMBOLGEN : Controls whether the results of resolving macro variable references are displayed for debugging SYMBOLGEN displays the results in this form: SYMBOLGEN: Macro variable name resolves to value
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options mlogic mprint symbolgen; %macro test(x=); %if &x = 1 %then %do; %put "Value of x is 1"; proc print data = train.names; run; %end; %else %do; %put "Value of x is not 1"; %end; %mend test; %test(x=1);
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MLOGIC(TEST): Beginning execution. MLOGIC(TEST): Parameter X has value 1 SYMBOLGEN: Macro variable X resolves to 1 MLOGIC(TEST): %IF condition &x = 1 is TRUE MLOGIC(TEST): %PUT "Value of x is 1" "Value of x is 1" MPRINT(TEST): proc print data = train.names; MPRINT(TEST): run; NOTE: There were 4 observations read from the data set TRAIN.NAMES. NOTE: PROCEDURE PRINT used: real time 0.01 seconds cpu time 0.00 seconds MLOGIC(TEST): Ending execution.
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Manipulating Macro Variable Values with Macro Functions

When you define macro variables, you can include macro functions in the expressions to manipulate the value of the variable before the value is stored Eg: To scan for words in macro variable values, use the %SCAN function. For example, %let address=123 maple avenue; %let frstword=%scan(&address,1); Result: address resolves to 123 maple avenue frstword resolves to 123
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Scope of Macro Variables
Every macro variable has a scope. A macro variable's scope determines how it is assigned values and how the macro processor resolves references to it. Two types of scope exist for macro variables: global and local Global macro variables exist for the duration of the SAS session and can be referenced anywhere in the program--either inside or outside a macro Local macro variables exist only during the execution of the macro in which the variables are created and have no meaning outside the defining macro.
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Scope of Macro Variables
Eg:
%macro A; %let Loc1 = xyz; %macro B; %let Loc2 = abc; %mend B; %mend A; LOC1 is local to both A and B. However, LOC2 is local only to B. Macro variables are stored in symbol tables, which list the macro variable name and its value There is a global symbol table, which stores all global macro variables. Local macro variables are stored in a local symbol table that is created at the beginning of the execution of a macro.
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Global Macro Variables
%let county=Clark; %macro concat; data _null_; length longname $20; longname="&county"||" County"; put longname; run; %mend concat; %concat
Calling the macro CONCAT produces the following statements: data _null_; length longname $20; longname="Clark"||" County"; put longname; run; The PUT statement writes the following to the SAS log: Clark County
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Global Macro Variables Global Macro Variables
The new macro variable definition simply updates the existing global one.
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Local Macro Variables
Local macro variables are defined within an individual macro Each macro you invoke creates its own local symbol table. Local macro variables exist only as long as a particular macro executes; when the macro stops executing, all local macro variables for that macro cease to exist.
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Eg: %macro holinfo(day,date); %let holiday=Christmas; %put *** Inside macro: ***; %put *** &holiday occurs on &day, &date, 1997. ***; %mend holinfo; %holinfo(Thursday,12/25) %put *** Outside macro: ***; %put *** &holiday occurs on &day, &date, 1997. ***;
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The %PUT statements write the following to the SAS log: *** Inside macro: *** *** Christmas occurs on Thursday, 12/25, 1997. *** *** Outside macro: *** WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference HOLIDAY not resolved. WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference DAY not resolved. WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference DATE not resolved. *** &holiday occurs on &day, &date, 1997. *** As you can see from the log, the local macro variables DAY, DATE, and HOLIDAY resolve inside the macro, but outside the macro they do not exist and therefore do not resolve.
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Local Macro Variables Local Macro Variables
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Data Step Interfaces

DATA step interfaces consist of tools that enable a program to interact with the macro facility during DATA step execution. 1) CALL SYMPUT : Assigns DATA step information to a macro variable 2) SYMGET : Returns the value of a macro variable during DATA step execution
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CALL SYMPUT
Syntax: CALL SYMPUT(macro-variable,value); Eg:
1)call symput('new','testing'); Assigns the character string testing to macro variable NEW 2) data team1; input position : $8. player : $12.; call symput(position,player); cards; shortstp Ann pitcher Tom frstbase Bill ; This DATA step creates the three macro variables SHORTSTP, PITCHER, and FRSTBASE and respectively assign them the values ANN, TOM, and SAS Training 277 BILL.
CALL SYMPUT
3)
data team2; input position $12. player $12.; call symput('POS'||left(_n_), position); cards; shortstp Ann pitcher Tom frstbase Bill
; This form is useful for creating a series of macro variables. For example, the CALL SYMPUT statement builds a series of macro variable names by combining the character string POS and the left-aligned value of _N_ and assigns values to SAS Training variables POS1, POS2, the macro 278
Hands On Exercise
Create macro varialbes ssn1, ssn2,.sssn from ssn variable in dept1 dataset using CALL SYMPUT
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Solution
Data _null_; set dept1; call symput (ssn||left(_n_),ssn); run;
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SYMGET
Syntax SYMGET(argument) Eg: 1) x=symget('g'); Assign the value of the macro variable G to the DATA step variable X. 2) length key $ 8; input code $; key=symget(code); Assigns the value stored in the DATA step variable CODE, which contains a macro variable name, to the DATA step variable KEY 3) score=symget('s'||left(_n_)); Assigns the letter s and the number of the current iteration
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Macro Functions and Expressions

The macro functions and expressions are similar to data step functions except that they are used with macro variables only and are preceded by % symbol Eg: %upcase(&macvar); %substr(&macvar,3,2); %EVAL(&num1 + &num2); %If &x = 1 %then %do; %end; %do i=1 %to 5; data dat&i %end;;
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Macro Quoting
Macro quoting functions tell the macro processor to interpret special characters and mnemonics as text rather than as part of the macro language. If you did not use a macro quoting function to mask the special characters, the macro processor or the rest of the SAS System might give the character a meaning you did not intend.
Eg:

Is %sign a call to the macro SIGN or a phrase "percent sign"? Is OR the mnemonic Boolean operator or the abbreviation for Oregon? Is the quote in O'Malley an unbalanced single quotation mark or just part of the name? Is Boys&Girls a reference to the macro variable &GIRLS or a group of children?
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Macro Quoting
The following macro quoting functions are most commonly used: %STR and %NRSTR %BQUOTE and %NRBQUOTE %SUPERQ Eg: %let print=proc print; run;; /* ERROR */ To avoid the ambiguity and correctly assign the value of PRINT, you must mask the semicolons with the macro quoting function %STR, as follows: %let print=%str(proc print; run;);
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Everything You Need to Know About SAS

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Everything You Need to Know About SAS

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What is SAS?

Statistical Analysis Software

Main Uses of SAS

Basics about SAS

SAS is composed of three windows

Program Editor where you write and submit programs

Output Where result appear after submitting programs

Program Editor Window

Explore r and Results Window

Write your code in this window

Log Window View the Log Created by the Program Execution

Output Window View the Values of a Dataset in this Window

SAS Dataset, Variables and Observations

Example of a SAS Data set

Variables NAM HT E Lucy 42

Building Blocks of a SAS Program

Basic Components of SAS, Continued

Basic Components of SAS

Difference Between a DATA step and a PROC step

Begin with DATA statements statements

Execution of SAS data set

Input data set Observation 1 Observation 2 Observation 3

Rules for SAS programs

Rules for SAS program Statements

READING DATA FROM EXTERNAL FILES

Reading data using DATALINES

DATA dataset-name; INPUT <specification(s)><@|@@>; DATALINES; .. .. ; Run;

EXAMPLE 1 (EXTERNAL FILE)

Data newdata; Infile C:/dat.txt; Input name $ age; Run;

Resulting SAS data set (newdata)

Example One to One Merge

Example Match Merge

Example Match Merge

Manipulating result of merge statement with IN values

The syntax of a function is

Selected SAS Functions

ROUND : Rounds to the nearest round-off unit.

Selected SAS Functions

x=round(223.456,100); put 200.00000 x 9.5; x=round(223.456); put x 9.5; 223.00000

x=round(223.456,.3); put x 223.33333 9.5;

Selected SAS Functions

SUM : Returns the sum of the nonmissing arguments.

Selected SAS Functions

x4=sum(of x1-x3, 5); 101 y1=20; y2=30; x5=sum(of y:); 50

Selected SAS Functions

MEAN : Returns the arithmetic mean (average)

Selected SAS Functions

INT : Returns the integer value.

Selected SAS Functions

Selected SAS Functions

LAG : Returns values from a queue.

Selected SAS Functions

Selected SAS Functions

Selected SAS Functions

UPCASE: Converts all letters in an argument to uppercase.

Selected SAS Functions

Selected SAS Functions

LOWCASE: Converts all letters in an argument to lowercase.

Selected SAS Functions

Selected SAS Functions

SUBSTR (left of=): Replaces character value contents

Selected SAS Functions