Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus

Department of Aerospace Engineering

ASE446 – Introduction to Helicopter

Aerodynamics and Design Project
Presentation
P R E PA R E D B Y: E L İ F D İ N Ç , E L İ F E R D E N , F U R K A N Ş A H İ N E R , S İ B E L
DEMİR, ÜLKÜ ÜNVER
I N S T R U C TO R : A S S . P R O F. D R . A N N A P R A C H
D AT E : 0 6 / 0 6 / 2 0 2 0
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Design Requirements
3. Competitor Study
4. Helicopter Sizing
5. Additional Design Aspects (Design Choices, Avionic Choices)
6. Helicopter Layout and Specifications
7. Conclusion

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Introduction

Design: Conceptual design of a helicopter

 Cheap and appealing

 Conceptual design of a helicopter with turboshaft engine

Hover and forward flight at maximum cruise speed

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 Design Requirements
Helicopter design requirements are characterized by minimum requirements and chosen
requirements.
Minimum Requirements Chosen Requirements
Crew+capacity 1+1 City Tokyo
OGE hover ceiling (m) 2,500
(ISA) Concept Helicopter (capable of VTOL)
Cruise speed (km/h) >150 Rotorcraft configuration Conventional
Range (10 min. reserve at >350
cruise speed) (km) Cruise speed (km/h) 159
Empty weight fraction < 0.42
Range (km) 380
Main rotor tip speed (m/s) <195
Baggage (kg) 72.5
Tail rotor tip speed (m/s) <180
Passenger average weight (kg) 99
Cooper Harper rating 3.5 or less (Level I
Handling Qualities) Main rotor tip speed (m/s) 190
Training time (h) 5-10 Tail rotor tip speed (m/s) 175

Engine Turboshaft

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Competitor Study
General Characteristics
Aerokopter AK1-3
Requirements Youngcopter Neo [3] Curti Zefhir [9] Alpi Syton AH 130 [5] LCA LH 212 Delta [2]
Sanka [1]
Crew+ Capacity 1 +1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1

Length [m] 6.23 5.88 6.80 8.84 6.19

Width [m] 1.93 1.64 1.60 1.60 1.56

Height [m] 2.45 2.27 2.50 2.40 2.34

Main rotor diameter [m] 7.7 0 6.85 7.60 7.63 6.68

Number of blades 3 3 2 2 2
Empty weight [kg] 385 398 390 290 280
Gross weight [kg] 640 650 700 580 450

1×
1× 1× 1× 1×
Rotax
Power plant Neosis twin-rotor Subaru EJ25 four PBS Velka Bites Solar T62
914 turbocharged
(180 hp) cylinder (156 hp) TS100 turboshaft (141 hp) turboshaft(130 hp)
liquid cooled (120 hp)
Fuel capacity [L] 120 75 120 90 50

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 Performance Characteristics

Youngcopter Neo Aerokopter AK1-3 LCA LH 212 Delta [2]

Requirements Curti Zefhir [9] Alpi Syton AH 130 [5]
[3] Sanka [1]

160
Cruise speed [km/h] 185 160 161 185

Max. speed [km/h] 220 180 185 190 190

420
Range [km] 560 340 339 310

5000
Service ceiling [m] 2700 3000 2800 5000

7.5
Rate of climb [m/s] 7.7 8 8.1 8.5

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Helicopter Sizing
Weight Estimation
 Eqn. (1)
 Eqn. (2)
88 lb
132 lb
= 176 lb
= 396 lb
= 231 lb

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Helicopter Sizing
 Eqn. (3)
 Eqn. (4)
c = 0.59 ft , N=2
 Eqn. (5)
 Eqn. (6)
= 0.2

HP = 130

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Helicopter Sizing
 Eqn.(7)
 Eqn.(8)
= 624 ft/s
 Eqn.(9)
= 86.393 knots
 Eqn.(10)
 Eqn.(11)
L = 20.71 ft, W = 5.11 ft, H = 7.59 ft

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Helicopter Sizing
W_initial=1300 lb
 Eqn.(12)
k = 1.15
= 0.015
ρ = 0.00237 slugs/ft3
 Eqn.(13)
=0.41

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Helicopter Sizing
Disk Empty Gross Thrust (lb) Total Torque    
Loading Weight (lb) Weight (lb) Power (lb.ft) R (ft) RTR (ft)
(lb/ft2) (kW)

2.61 579.1 1382.1 1382.1 168.6 2595.8 12.65 2.53

3.5 541.16 1344.2 1344.2 171.4 2239.7 11.8 2.36

Disk Loading (lb/ft2) 2.61 3.5

Weight of main rotor group (lb) 124.23 105.6

Weight of tail rotor group (lb) 13.32 10.15
Weight of power plant group (lb) 21.58 21.58
Weight of power plant section group (lb) 5.96 6.78

Weight of drive system group (lb) 96.5 85.4

Weight of flight control group (lb) 71.3 69.9
Weight of landing gear group (lb) 54.7 53.3
Weight of fuselage group (lb) 191.44 188.33

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 Additional Design Aspects
Design Choices
Main Rotor System
 Main Rotor Blade Airfoil and Blade Tip Design
 Tail Rotor Type and Tail Arrangement
 Landing Gear Type
 Number of Doors and Locations
 Engine Selection

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 Design Choices
Main Rotor System

• Fully Articulated
• Rigid Rotor System
• Semi-Rigid Rotor System

Why semi-rigid rotor type is chosen for this design project?

Semi-Rigid Rotor System

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Design Choices
Main Rotor Blade Airfoil and Blade Tip Design
Provide good aerodynamic efficiency and satisfy structural requirements of blade.
• Having high maximum lift coefficient
• Having high drag divergence number
• Good lift-to-drag ratio over a wide range of Mach Number
• Low pitching moment

NACA 0012

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 Design Choices
Tail Rotor Type and Tail Arrangement

• Notar System
• Fenestron
• Coaxial
• Tandem
• Conventional Tail Rotor

Why conventional tail rotor type is chosen for this design project?

Conventional Tail Rotor

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 Design Choices
Landing Gear Type
Skids or wheels systems are generally used in the helicopter
design for the landing gear system.

Why skids are preferred for this design project?

Skid Landing Gear Helicopter

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 Design Choices
Number of Doors and Locations

Two doors which are pilot and copilot are placed on

each sides of the cockpit.

What is the reason for choice of the door locations?

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Design Choices
Engine Selection

Subaru EJ25

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 Summary of Design Choices
Main Rotor Type Semi-Rigid Rotor System

Main Rotor Blade Airfoil NACA 0012

Blades Number of Main Rotor 2

Tail Rotor Type Convectional Tail Rotor

Blades Number of Tail Rotor 2

Horizontal Tail T-Tail

Landing Gear Type Skid Landing Gear System

Number of Doors 2

Door Locations Cockpit

Engine Selection Subaru EJ25 Turboshaft

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Avionic Choices

Garmin G3000H™ Integrated Flight Deck

• Altimeter
• Airspeed indicator
• RPM gauge
• Vertical speed indicator
• Radio beacon
• High resolution glass displays
• WireAware Technology
• Mobile App
• Maintenance

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 Avionic Choices

HeliSAS® Helicopter Autopilot and Stability Augmentation

System

• A two-axis autopilot

• Providing both Lateral and Vertical functions

• Weighs less than 15 pounds

• Dramatic reduction in pilot workload

• Auto-recover to a neutral attitude

Genesys Aerosystems HeliSAS®

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 Helicopter Layout and Specifications
Front View

Height of the fuselage 7.59 ft

Width of the fuselage 5.11 ft
Overall height 11.98 ft

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 Helicopter Layout and Specifications
Top View

Length of the fuselage 20.71 ft

From the nose to the rotor sysem 6.76 ft
From rotor system to tail 13.23 ft
Diameter of the main rotor 25.38 ft

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Helicopter Layout and Specifications
Side View

Height of the fuselage 7.59 ft

Length of the fuselage 20.71 ft
Radius of the tail rotor 2.53 ft
Height og the tail 4.51 ft
Landing gear type Skids
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Helicopter Layout and
3-D view
Specifications

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Conclusion
• Summary
• Our helicopter is …

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 Thank you for your attention!
Any questions ?

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References
[1] (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ak1-3.com.ua/
[2] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.helistart.com/helicopters/LCA/LH_212_Delta
[3] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.helistart.com/helicopters/Youngcopter/NEO
[4] Arlton, P. E. (1997). U.S. Patent No. 5,628,620. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[5] Explico Web Agency Software House Hosting provider. (n.d.). Gray & Blue. Retrieved from http://www.alpiaviation.com/en/models.htm?mod=Syton
AH 130 Helicopter
[6] G3000H™ Integrated Flight Deck. Retrieved from, https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/637008
[7] HeliSAS Autopilot & Stability Augmentation. Retrieved from https://genesys-aerosystems.com/products/ifr-helisas-autopilot-stability-augmentation
[8] Leishman, Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, Chapter 6, Section 6.1-6.3
[9] Zefhir. (n.d.). The new Zefhir helicopter by Curti Aerospace. Retrieved from https://zefhir.eu/
[10] Seddon, J. M., Newman, S. (2011), Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics, West Sussex: Jonh Wiley and Sons Ltd.
[11] Tho, C. H., Sparks, C. E., Sareen, A. K., Smith, M. R., & Johnson, C. (2004). Efficient Helicopter Skid Landing Gear Dynamic Drop Simulation Using LS‐
DYNA. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 49(4), 483-492.
[12] Vuillet, A., & Morelli, F. (1986). New aerodynamic design of the Fenestron for improved performance.

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