Structure & Properties

W. Williams
Ionic Bonding (Review)
Giant Ionic Structure (Lattice)
 Properties of Giant Ionic Solids
Property Explanation
Melting Point (High) Strong Ionic Bond ( electrostatic Attraction) between
oppositely charged ions
Insoluble in Non- “Like dissolves like” ie. Since the ions have charges,
Polar Solvents they cannot dissolve in non-polar solvents that does
not have charges to attract them

Non-Conductor in Ions are tightly held by strong ionic bonds hence they
Solid State are unable to move
Aqueous Solvent “Like dissolves like” ie. Since the ions have charges,
Soluble they will only dissolve in solvents that have charges
themselves to attract and surround them

Brittle An applied force causes one layer of ions to shift

relative to another causing like charges ions to line up
and hence repulsion
Lattice Regular repeat orderly arrangement of ions
Melting Points
Solubility of Ionic Compounds
Solubility of Ionic Compounds
Solubility
 Iodine (Non- Polar)
Electrical Conductivity
 Electric Current the flow or movement of
charged particles (ions or electrons)
Electric Conductivity
Brittle
 Able to “shatter” when hit
Lattice Structure
 Regular, repeat or orderly arrangement of
ions
Covalent Bonding (Review)
Types of Covalent Bond
Non-Polar Covalent
Polar Covalent
Simple Covalent Molecules
Simple Covalent Molecules
Types of Intermolecular Forces
 a) Hydrogen Bonds

Are intermoleculare forces existing between

very polar molecules ie. a very electronegative
atom in one molecule (eg. N, O or F) and an
electropositive H atom in a neighbouring
molecule.
 Ammonia
 Water
 b) van der Waal’s

Are intermoleculare forces existing between

non-polar molecules due to the temporary or
instantaneous dipoles which set up due to the
temporary alignment or arrangement of
electrons.
Van der Waal’s
Properties of Simple Molecular Molecules

Solubility Explanation
Solubility in Polar molecules (having charge) are soluble in water eg.
water NH3 while non-polar molecules (eg. I2 and Br2) are
insoluble in water
Electricity They have no free ions or free electrons hence they are
Conduction unable to conduct electricity
Poor
Liquids are They mostly exist as liquids or gases with low boiling
Gases points because of the weak intermolecular forces
between them (ie. Van der Waal’s or Hydrogen bonding)

Low mpoC or Due to the very weak van der waals or Hydrogen
bpoC bonding between them
Giant Molecular Compounds
Giant Molecular Substances
Exists as a large network of atoms connected
by strong intramolecular forces (covalent
bonds) within the network of the molecules.
As a result, giant molecular substances exists
as solids with very high melting point.
Allotropes
Allotropes of Carbon
Carbon: Diamond vs Graphite
Silica
Good Insulator like Diamond
Giant Metallic
 Properties of Giant Metallic Lattics
Property Explanation
High Melting & Strong metallic bond between positive Cations and sea
Boiling Point of electrons. Ie. Each cation is attracted to all
surrounding electrons.
Malleable Able to be “hammered” into different shapes unlike
giant ionic solids without shattering because the
cations never touch each other because they are always
surrounded by delocalised or mobile electrons
Electrical Conductor Electrons are freely able to move between the lattice
When Solid or even when solid
Molten
Ductile Able to be drawn out to make wires without shattering
because the cations never touch each other because
they are always surrounded by delocalised or mobile
electrons
Malleability & Ductility