Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF GRID

CONNECTED MLI WITH PV SYSTEM

 Presented By:
 Under the Guidance of:
Purushotam Kumar
(17MT001750) Prof. P.K Nayak
 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Grid Synchronization
 components of grid connected photovoltaic power system
 Photovoltaic System
 control of three phase grid connected PV system
 Simulation and Result
 Conclusion
 Future Work
 References
 Grid Connected Multilevel Inverter

• CHB MLI is most suitable for grid

connection using renewable sources.
• The PV panels are equipped with
MPPT technique, hence will extract
maximum power.
• In this scheme PV’s output is supplied
to grid which is acting as an inverter
load.
• Criteria for successful grid connection
is inverter terminal voltage should to
more than times grid voltage to make
sure power flows from PV side to grid
side. Figure 3:GCMLI with separate PV
source
INTRODUCTION
 As the world electricity consumption rapidly increases with
population growth, new power generation capacities are required to
cover that demand. So, there is need for power generation using
renewable sources. Hence Photovoltaic System is implemented to tie
with the power grid.
 In order to extract maximum power output from PV system
efficiently, MPPT technique is being used.
 A DC/DC converter used which tries to match the load impedance
to the ratio between voltage and current of the array at the
maximum power point (MPP).
 The converter used is a Voltage source inverter (VSI) which is
controlled using synchronous d-q reference frame to inject a
controlled current into the grid and Phase lock loop (PLL) is used
in controller to lock grid frequency and phase .
 Finally MPPT based Grid connected PV system was simulated
using SIMULINK and a fault study was conducted to examine the
behaviour of the system when the PV array was connected.
 GRID SYNCHRONIZATION

 Why Synchronization is needed?

If the system is not synchronizing with the grid we cannot inject power into it nor can
take power from the grid. The synchronization failed when fault occurs. If there is
difference between the frequency of system and the grid, it will show to us as a fault.
Same as if there is any difference between the phase angle and line voltages it will
indicate as a fault.
 Conditions for Grid Synchronization
• Line voltages
• Frequency
• Phase sequence
• Phase angle
• Waveforms
 The AC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system must be synchronizing with
the grid voltage.
 The frequency of the photovoltaic must also have to be same as the frequency of
grid.
 The phase angles of photovoltaic system with the grid by phase loop lock generally
COMPONENTS OF GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM
Several components are needed to construct a grid connected PV
system to perform the power generation and conversion functions.
 Photovoltaic system
 DC-DC converter and Three-phase inverter
 LC filter
 Energy Storage
 Transformer
 Utility Grid

Figure 1: Components of a Grid Connected PV System

 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

 Photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell is a semiconductor device basically a P-
N junction diode that converts light to electrical energy by photovoltaic effect.
When photon particles of light having energy greater than the band gap of the
valence electron is bombarded to the junction electron hole pairs are generated
which when acted upon by internal electric field result in a photocurrent. PV
cell is basically a current source where current is produced by the variation of
photons not the voltage.

 PV module
It consists of a large number of P cells arranged in series or parallel or a mixture
of both to meet the consumption demand. PV modules of various materials and
enhanced efficiencies and of desired size are available in the market.
 Modeling of PV cell

I pv  I ph  I d  I Rp

Equivalent circuit diagram of PV cell

Figure-2 shows the equivalent circuit of the PVcell, formed by a

current source Iph in anti-parallel with diode driven by a
current Id.
From Figure -2 applying KCL

I pv  I ph  I d  I Rp

Finally, from the equivalent circuit of PV cell Ipv and Vpv are

  q  (V pv  I pv Rs )  
I pv  N par  I ph  N par  I sat exp exp    1  (Vpv  I pv Rs ) / Rp
  N s AkT  

 I ph  I pv  I sat 
V pv   I Rs  AVT ln ln  
 I sat 
EFFECT OF IRRADIANCE

Figure 3: I-V characteristics of PV module under different irradiation level

Figure 4: P-V Characteristics of PV module under different irradiation level
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

Figure 5: I-V characteristics of PV module under different temperature level

Figure 6: P-V characteristics of PV module under different temperature level
 Types of power systems using PV
 Stand-alone System
• A standalone system does not have a connection to the electricity grid. If the
load is to be supplied independently of solar insulation, the generated power
is stored and buffered with a battery
• Not Reliable as when battery is discharged at night, the loads will be
unpowered

 Grid-Tied PV System
A grid connected system is connected to a large independent grid. In the case
of residential or building mounted grid connected PV systems, the electricity
demand of the building is met by the PV system. Only the excess is fed into the
grid when there is an excess. The feeding of electricity into the grid requires
the transformation of DC into AC by a special, grid-controlled solar inverter.
 Following are the advantages of grid connected photovoltaic system. 
1. Saving commercial units
2. Backup power supply
 DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER
The boost DC converter is used to step up the input voltage by
storing energy in an inductor for a certain time period, and then
uses this energy to boost the input voltage to a higher value.

Figure 7: Circuit diagram of Boost Converter

The relationship between the input and output voltages is given by
Vinton  (Vin  Vout )toff  0
Vout ton  toff 1
 
Vin toff 1 d
 THREE-PHASE INVERTER
The three phase inverter is used to obtain a three-phase voltage output
from DC source. Three-phase voltage source inverter is a combination
of three single-phase bridge circuits.

Figure 8: Three-phase inverter

In grid connected PV system, the current output of the voltage source
inverter will be injected to the grid. The output of the inverter should
be in phase and have an identical frequency to the voltage of the grid.
CONTROL OF THREE PHASE GRID CONNECTED
PV SYSTEM

 The DC/DC boost converter is controlled using a maximum power

point tracking technique .
 For inverter control system dq transformation and SPWM technique
are being used.
 Grid synchronizations plays important role for grid connected
systems. PLL technique is employed to synchronise the output
frequency and phase of grid voltage with inverter voltage using
different transformation.
MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

As the amount of power produced by the PV module varies greatly

depending on its operating conditions (temperature and
irradiation). Hence, there is need to constantly track the power
curve and keeps the solar panel operating voltage at the point
where the most power extracted. This process is known as
maximum power point tracking.

Figure 10: I-V & P-V curve at maximum power point

Flow Chart of Perturb-and-Observe Algorithm
 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation(SPWM)

The sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is used to control

the voltage source inverter by producing the gating signals for the
semiconductor switches. This technique is used to obtain three phase
output voltages that can be controlled in magnitude and frequency.
A reference or modulating signal is compared to a high frequency
carrier signal; the result of this comparison in each phase is used to
activate the switches accordingly. A separate modulating signal is
used for each phase with a phase shift of 120˚ between them.
When the amplitude of the modulating signal is greater than that of
the carrier signal, the upper switch in the corresponding phase leg in
is activated. This leads to the output voltage having the same
magnitude of the DC link voltage.
VaN

VbN

Vab

Fig shows the modulating signals for a 3-phase inverter and phases A & B o/p voltages.
The line voltage between these two phases is obtained by subtracting Vb from Va
abc/dq TRANSFORMATION
The dq transformation is used to transform three phase system quantities
like voltages and currents from the synchronous reference frame (abc) to
a synchronously rotating reference frame with three constant
components when the system is balanced. The relationship that govern
the transformation from the abc to dq frame is
 fd   fa 
 f  T  f 
 q  b
 f 0   f c 
Where f can be either a set of three voltage or current to be transformed

T is the transformation matrix

The direct and quadrature components of the inverter output current can
be used to control the active and reactive output powers from the PV
array system
PHASE LOCKED LOOP TECHNIQUE
The role of the phase locked loop is to provide the rotation
frequency, direct and quadrature voltage components at the point of
common coupling (PCC) by resolving the grid voltage abc
components.

Figure 12: Schematic diagram of the phase locked loop (PLL)

  K pVq  K i Vq dt
   dt
where  is rotation frequency in rad/s
 is rotation angle in radians
 SIMULATIONS and RESULTS

Figure 14 :Simulink Model of Solar Cell without MPPT

 Input Parameters :-
Temperature =250C,
Incident Solar Radiation in Watt per meter square: - 500

Figure 15:Plot of Open Circuit Voltage (V) vs. time(s) of Solar Cell without MPPT
Simulink model of PV Cell with MPPT and BOOST converter
Fig 17:-Plot of the voltage output vs time of the Solar Cell with MPPT
and BOOST converter
Comparison between the Power output of the Two models one
without MPPT and other with MPPT and Boost Converter

Fig 17:-Plot of the Power output vs time of the PV model (a) without
MPPT (b) with MPPT and Boost converter
SIMULATION MODEL OF GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

Figure 15: Simulink Model of Grid Connected PV System

 STAND ALONE OPERATION

 Grid Side Voltage and Current

Vabc & Iabc plot of Grid

 Inverter Output Side Voltage and Current

Vabc & Iabc plot of Inverter

 GRID TIED OPERATION

Before closure

Vabc & Iabc plot of Grid and Inverter

 After Closure

Vabc & Iabc plot of Grid and Inverter

Active and Reactive Power
after closure
 CONCLUSION

 First of all design of PV module is done using simulink .Then

Maximum power point tracking (P&O) algorithm was implemented
which aimed at tracking the maximum power from the PV array.
 At maximum power point, P&O technique perturbs the duty cycle of a
DC converter to check for power variations.After interfacing MPPT
and boost converter the DC power extracted was raised to 320W
from 150w.
 After that DC output voltage of Boost converter is converted into AC
using three phase Inverter and the design of a control system for three
phase grid connected PV array was done using simulink.
 Finally, a study was conducted to assess the impact, Before and After
closure of parallel connection between grid and PV system.
 FUTURE WORK

 Future work to this project will focus on the comparative study

and implementation of different MPPT methods. It will also
include removal of harmonics in the grid tied PV system.
 Further improvement can be made by enhancing the energy
exchange with the local electrical grid in order to stabilize the
energy curve.
 Fault Analysis can be done to assess the impact on the grid
connected PV system
 REFERENCES

• International Energy Agency (IEA)-PVPS. (2011, Sept.). Trends in

photovoltaic applications. [Online]. Available: www.iea-pvps.org
• Valsalva, Marcelo Gradella, and Jonas Rafael Gazoli.
"Comprehensive approach to modeling and simulation of
photovoltaic arrays." Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on
24.5 (2009): 1198-1208.
• Trishan Esram, and Patrick L. Chapman, “Comparison of Photovoltaic
Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques” IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 2, June 2007.
• Xiao-Qiang GUO, Wei-Yang WU, He-Rong GU, “Phase locked loop
and synchronization methods for grid-interfaced converters: a review”,
PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY (Electrical Review), 2011.
• Revankar, P. S., A. G. Thosar, and W. Z. Gandhare. "Maximum power point
tracking for PV systems using MATALAB/SIMULINK." Machine Learning
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