Paraphrasing and Summarizing SY 2022 23 Module 2

PARAPHRASING VS
SUMMARIZING
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
PARAPHRASING
Involves putting a passage from source material into your own

words
Paraphrased material must also be attributed to the source
A paraphrase is usually shorter than the original passage
SLCR_10.26.22_EAPP M2
Original Passage: A Plagiarized Version:
Students frequently overuse Students often use too many
direct quotation in taking notes, direct quotations when they take
and as a result they overuse notes, resulting in too many of
quotations in the final [research]
paper. Probably only about 10% of them in the final research paper.
your final manuscript should In fact, probably only about 10%
appear as directly quoted matter. of the final copy should consist of
Therefore, you should strive to directly quoted material. So it is
limit the amount of exact important to limit the amount of
transcribing of source material source material copied while
while taking notes. taking notes.
Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 4647.

Original Passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse
quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript
should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of
exact transcribing of source material while taking notes.
A Legitimate Paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down
to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to
minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 4647).
An Acceptable Summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the
amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 4647).
What is NOT Paraphrasing
Changing a couple of
words.
Deleting a couple words
or phrases.
Rearranging the order of
the words.
SO HOW DO WE DO IT?
Read the passage carefully
Decide the main ideas of the passage PARAPHRASE
ME!
Identify important words or phrases
Put the main points in your own words
PARAPHRASING TECHNIQUES
1. Change from a Clause to a Phrase (or vice versa)
2. Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech (or vice
versa)
3. Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice (or vice versa)
4. Change to Synonyms
5. Change Word Forms
CHANGE FROM A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE
After he studied, John took a nap
After studying, John took a nap.
The house that is across the

street is new.
The house across the street is new.
CHANGE FROM QUOTED SPEECH TO INDIRECT
SPEECH
Mr. Lee said, “I am ready for lunch.”
Mr. Lee said he was ready for lunch.
“I am ready
for lunch.”
CHANGE FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO
PASSIVE VOICE
A hotel employee will carry your bags.
Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.
……AND REPLACE WORDS WİTH
SYNONYMS.
A hotel
Your bagsemployee will
will be carried by carry
a hotel your bags.
employee.
Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.
CHANGE WORD FORMS
Use an adverb instead of an adjective
Use a verb to replace a noun.
GROG is an accurate typist.
GROG types accurately.
CHANGE TO SYNONYMS
Replace the original words with words
that mean the same.
The stallion was content with the mare.
The stallion was happy with the mare.
WHEN YOU CAN’T FIND A
SYNONYM
Replace the original word with a definition.
The stallion was content with the mare.
The male horse was happy with the female horse
COMBINE TECHNIQUES
Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions
After he ate lunch, Mike took a nap.
After eating lunch, Mike slept a little.
COMBINE TECHNIQUES
The house that is across the street is old.
The house across the street is old.
The house on the other side of the street is old.
The dwelling on the other side of the road

is ancient.
INTERPRET MEANING…….IDENTİFY THE
UNDERLYİNG MEANİNG OF A STATEMENT.
The wolf said, “I am ready for lunch.”
The wolf complained about being hungry
which made the sheep extremely anxious.
I am ready
for lunch
CHANGE TRANSITIONS
Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.
…… AND CHANGE WORD FORMS
Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.
Despite the rain, Bob went to

work on foot.
LET’S TRY!
ORIGINAL:
Most nuclear power plants generate more energy on average
than any other type of energy source.
PARAPHRASE:
Nuclear power plants are one of the highest-producing
energy sources.
LET’S TRY!
ORIGINAL:
Common beliefs can change over time. For example, most
people once thought the sun orbited around the earth.
PARAPHRASE:
People believed at one time that the sun orbited the earth.
Nowadays, people know the opposite, showing that
common beliefs don’t stay the same.
SUMMARIZING
Involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words,
including only the main points
Summaries must also be attributed to the source
Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and give
a broad overview of the source material
THE PROCESS: USE MIDAS TOUCH!
M Main idea: Identify main idea from TOPIC SENTENCE (if there is
one) or use BASIC SIGNAL WORDS
I Identify SUPPORTING DETAILS
D Disregard unimportant information
A Analyze redundant information
S Simplify, categorize, and label important information

ESTABLISHING A FOCUS
The main idea is the most important information or
concept in a text or statement.
Sometimes the main idea is explicit; sometimes it is
implied.
Not all information is equal: some of it clearly is
more important than the rest.
TOPIC SENTENCES
 The TOPIC SENTENCE is usually the first sentence of the paragraph. It
gives the reader an idea of what the paragraph is going to be about.
 However, the TOPIC SENTENCE may not always be so clearly stated,
and it can come in the middle or end of a paragraph, not just its beginning.
 Regardless, all TOPIC SENTENCES are supported by sentences that give
details to develop the MAIN IDEA.
EXAMPLE PARAGRAPHS…
A tornado is a powerful, twisting windstorm. It begins
high in the air, among the winds of a giant storm cloud.
People who have watched a tornado’s howling winds reach
down from the sky have said it’s the most frightening thing
they have ever seen. In some parts of the United States,
these windstorms are called twisters or cyclones.
Sentence summary:
Tornadoes are frightening,
powerful, twisting windstorms
sometimes called twisters or
cyclones that start in giant
storm clouds.
EXAMPLE PARAGRAPH
Dust devils are the weakest of the swirling windstorms.
Their winds usually spin between 12 and 30 miles per
hour. Most dust devils are less than five feet across, and
few last more than a minute or two. They are often seen in
the desert under clear skies. Dust devils form near ground
when certain kinds of winds make hot, rising air start to
spin.
Sentence summary:
Compared to other wind
storms, dust devils are the
weakest and least severe.
EXAMPLE PARAGRAPH
Hurricanes and typhoons are the largest of the swirling
windstorms. The winds of these storms blow about 75 to 150
miles per hour. They form over warm, tropical oceans and
cause heavy rains as well as strong winds. When a tropical
storm like this begins over the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern
Pacific Ocean, it is called a hurricane. The same kind of storm
in the western Pacific Ocean or Indian Ocean is called a
typhoon. Hurricanes and typhoons may be several hundred
miles wide, travel thousands of miles and last for days.
Sentence summary:
In contrast, hurricanes and
typhoons are the largest windstorms
since they may be hundreds of miles
wide, travel very fast for thousands
of miles and can last for days.
Original Passage: Summarized passage:
Alexander Fleming is well- Penicillin was discovered in
known for his accidental discovery the early 1940s. Alexander
of penicillin. In 1940, after Fleming had returned from a trip
returning home from a vacation, he and found mold growing on a
discovered mold growing on a petri dish. Its effects on the
laboratory petri dish. Noting that disease led to it being used as a
the mold is adept at killing the
disease in the same dish, he clinical drug.
actively tried to replicate it.
Eventually, this resulted to the
innovation of the penicillin drug.

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PARAPHRASING VS

Involves putting a passage from source material into your own

Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 4647.

The house that is across the

Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.

Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

GROG is an accurate typist.

GROG types accurately.

The house on the other side of the street is old.

The dwelling on the other side of the road

Despite the rain, Bob went to

I Identify SUPPORTING DETAILS

D Disregard unimportant information

A Analyze redundant information

S Simplify, categorize, and label important information

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